Literature based research.

The literature based research methods in the scientific management, manufacturing and social science research are heavily dependent on the knowledge of the researcher. This research is heavily dependent on people so that a social science that makes the studies based towards an approach to the behavioural studies. This type of studies is more qualitative nature than a quantitative. Qualitative research and methods have the distinguished feature of unknown possible solutions and results (Gunnarsson, 2002). Gunnarsson (2002) also states his view on qualitative approach advantage that the qualitative approach considers the entirety in a way not possible in quantitative research. On the other hand quantitative method approach gives an objective measurement of the probability of the truth of the result. Qualitative research methods often contain for example, interviews and observations and it is possible that the researcher has to change methods during the project during its implementation (Gunnarsson, 2002).

Literature based on phenomenological paradigm results from a qualitative approach. Phenomenological paradigm assumes that social reality is in our minds; a reaction to the positivistic paradigm. Therefore, the act of investigating reality has an effect on that reality and considerable regard is paid to the subjective state of the individual (Hussey and Hussey, 1997). Most of the research depends on the knowledge of researcher. Gunnarsson (1991) separates the researcher’s knowledge into understanding and preunderstanding. Preunderstanding represents the knowledge insight and experience before taking part in a research project. It also refers a certain attitude and a commitment on the part of researcher’s personal experience as an essential element in the process of collecting and analysing data. Gunnarsson (1991) also emphasizes that the researcher should have solid base of preunderstanding however not to be its slave. This concept refers that researcher, should have open attitude and if needed, should change the point of view and review the knowledge base that forms the preunderstanding and also aware of paradigm, selective perception and his/her defence mechanisms. Understanding represents to the knowledge which develops during the assignments and program. It is also depended on preunderstanding since the experience and involvement that leads to understanding. As stated earlier, it can make clear that researcher who achieves understanding becomes preunderstanding into the next phase of research project.

Preunderstanding and understanding are based on the experience of others which is gained for oneself through literature, discussion, involvement and other sources. Chalmers (1995) draws attention that observations are dependent upon the theoretical knowledge of the observer and therefore it is very important to have the correct theoretical background before conducting empirical research. Jorgensen (1992) states by combining a practical and theory based approach.

Theoretical research represents the development of new concepts depends upon scientific knowledge. These new results of knowledge can be used for practical diligence. These learning outcomes represent a higher intellectual level than understanding and diligence because it requires an understanding of both the content and structure. Jorgensen (1992) describes the process of research as an ongoing iterative process of analysis and synthesis in these areas.
Synthesis relates to the ability to bring different parts together to form a new whole. This may involve a set of abstract relations in human behaviour and performance. These learning outcomes in this range emphasis creative behaviour express precisely new patterns and structures. Gummesson (1991) refers five types of preunderstanding based on knowledge and personal characteristic which are necessary in order to fully understand process in organisation which are as follows:
Knowledge of theories;
Knowledge of techniques;
Knowledge of institutional conditions;
An understanding of social patterns;
Personal attributes;
Effective research is not disciplinary, interdisciplinary, or multidisciplinary; it is transdisciplinary (Ackoff, 1999). In the process of development of understanding to result in correct, a number of issues relevant to management science, physiology and scientific issues of more practical nature, related to the conducted research and discussed together with scientifically sound research have been taken into account and dealt with.

Analysis of important written material has been reviewed according to scientific systems called complete analysis described by Bjornsson et al (1994).
A complete analysis has been used to set up evidence and explanation constructing in read as well as written material however there are possible dangers of only managing theoretical studies. According to Gummesson, (1991) the researcher runs the risk of penetrating a vicious circle of academic research, where researchers quote each other without adding new, consistently tested material, which may lead to inaccurate results. Another risk is that it may miss a lot of facts or misunderstand facts because of lack of practical experience, risking the deduction of incorrect conclusions.

Human Performance:

The main work of this research is based on human performance, its improvement, measurement and strategy in manufacturing systems design. Manufacturing System is one of the challenging and complex operation composed of large area of interactions between people, materials, machines, information and environment in the process of wide variety of products. Manufacturing system design and redesign is the continuous process which depends on the necessity to respond of rapidly changing of consumers’ needs, desires, and tastes. Organisations are currently meeting unexpectedly to compete in this continuously changing demand by enabling their flexibility to respond rapidly to meet new demands. These rapidly changing of customers demand always pressurised the organisation to change in their manufacturing facilities, technologies, methods, people and the products that they produce for the market. The managers and engineers who can learn from observations of successful organisation and can find guidance in recognised principles of good manufacturing system design. They can relate this knowledge to their own organisation by using structured analysis and design methods.
The performance of people which is generally based on environment within which they work, however this research purpose is to make the results adaptable to focus on performance factors of the readers or users choices. This research also provides the means for achieving performance in manufacturing systems which can manage the changes together with achieve flexibility in other hand. The results should be relevant in many different circumstances.This dissertation has been divided into three parts: The development of manufacturing systems design method, Improvement of human performance and the further development of manufacturing systems design strategy.

The Idol God

The destruction of the Buddha statue at Afghanistan, the Babari Mosque at India in response three Hindu temples were destructed at India and many Hindu temples at Pakistan, the Ram temple in Babar’s period at India and so on make me to wondering that what is the origin of all this iconoclasm? I couldn’t figure out that what is the reason behind all those motives and spiritual thoughts? However I can define these motives in my own word that we could be in dark and worshipping and praying unreasonable blind faith. There is one more possibility by differentiating and one religion from another to show and market human being that this religion is better than another.
I born in Nepal and I grew up in idol God worshipping which are images and statues of Gods however an idol represent on the beholder believe. The word idol came from the Greek work eidos that include guide, wise, wisdom, guise, wit, view, visa, vision, advice, clairvoyance, idea, history and story. Every religion trying to find other religion’s wrong. Christian prostrate themselves in front of the images of crucified Jesus, Mary and other saints however when Hindus and Buddhists prostrate themselves in front of images of their gods images, statues or saints then they say that it is wrong. This makes confuse in distinction between their arguments. Muslims have taken one further step in their religion for images which are banned all of them. They are at least in harmony by rejecting all images. The definition of the word 'idol' from the American Heritage Dictionary on the web:
1. An image used as an object of worship, a false god

2. One that is adored, often blindly or excessively

3. Something visible but without substance
There is one crucial issue arise that those who abuse idol worshipping. Rajiv Srinivasan has stated his view behind idol and images worshipping in his word that those who worship idol are not under the belief that the idol or images are the fact God of choice. They are perfectly aware that it is only a representing of an idea so that they do not worship it however the idea behind it. They only use it as a means of concentrating their energies in prayer. He also stated that this distinction seems lost on the average iconoclast. Sometimes, desperate people, when their backs are to the wall facing defeat, death or disintegration, make a miraculous recovery. Examples are found among warriors, businessmen, athletes, people on their death bed, prisoners (McCain 1999), former addicts of one kind or another, etc.
It is fairly true that the image does not have any inherently meaning however we can imply to gain meaning through a process of transmutation. Rajiv Srinivasan again states his view that the image, through the ritual of consecration, gains something of the personality of the divine, which the image always had the potential to carry. This is the theory in Hinduism, because of Advaita Vedanta, Absolute Monism, whereby everything, every living and inanimate object, is suffused with the spirit of the one.
The idol is transmuted from its base material to a vehicle for the power of the deity, a point of focus for the energies of the worshipper. R. Srinivasan also put point that the transmutation of objects happens all the time. For example: Let us take a plain paper which has no special divinity associated with it. When it has been printed with certain text and word like Gita, Dharmapad, Bible, Koran and so on in the same paper then it becomes holy book. In this case the holy book is also an idol. Especially as it is believed to be the literal truth, the word of God, and that no word in it may be altered. This can fairly suggest that every religion worship idols who put their blind faith in an object (paper with print marks on it) that has no intrinsic divinity.
If somebody asks a Christian or a Muslim believer about the idol worshiping, they will give simple answer that it is obviously irrelevant and disgusting. Nobody will give a truly logical answer. They think so simply because their holy books say so God is supposed to have spoken the words in their books that is a final answer.
Let us take recent bloody riots in Pakistan and Afghanistan after the story, which appeared in Newsweek's May 9 edition, claimed that interrogators at the U.S. detention centre in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, flushed a Koran, the Islamic holy book, down the toilet. The news led to violent protests across the Muslim world, the deaths of 15 Afghans and the injuries of 100 others. Muslim scholars recently denied reports that leaders threatened a holy war against the United States if the alleged interrogator is not punished. Together with they have made sacred other object too. I always remember a few years ago there was news in Zee television (Indian Channel) that there was a religious riot in Bangalore because the municipal corporation knocked down a wall at a mosque. The wall had been built by encroaching on to public land. The very wall of the mosque had somehow acquired divinity!
At Somanath, Bamiyan, Benares, Goa, Semites tried to destroy Hinduism and Buddhism by destroying the physical manifestations of the ideas. Thus, in a bizarre way, they themselves have become crypto-idolaters, for they are the ones who pay attention to the material objects without careful attention to the abstract truths embodied in them which is blind hatred instead of blind faith however in principle the same thing (Rajiv Srinivasan, 2000).
Now, let us move our point in images god. Richard Davis who has explained about the images in three primary functions in his book “Lives of Indian Images” which is as follow:
"first, for the instruction of the unlettered, who might learn from them as if from books; second, so that the mystery of the Incarnation and the examples of the saints might remain more firmly in our memory by being daily represented to our eyes; and third, they excite the emotions, which are more effectively aroused by things seen than by things heard.".
The conclusion would be the image is not essential by itself however that it represent is important. Let us move on another point that more possibility by differentiating and one religion from another to show and market human being that their religion is better than another.
When we go market to buy shampoo, we can see different branded shampoo however one brand would be our main choice. In market, the shampoo vendor lies about the shampoo and its brand to create its market. Suppose, somebody switch brand. In the same way, I may be very loyal or swear by my religion and may even sincerely wish to change my religion to others because I have bought brand so that brand is very powerful force in marketing.
Similarly, we can take in Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia. When Buddhism arrived after Hinduism, it differentiates from the Hinduism in certain area in some dramatic way. The Sikh claim on the visible signs of their religion. It was done on purpose to ensure that Sikhs are differentiated from Hindus, Buddhist and Muslims immediately. Similarly, the Muslim insistence on beards, on distinctive clothing, etc are at least partly determined by the need to create an in-group/out-group dichotomy. In Christianity: Catholic and Protestant, in Muslim: Shaia and Sunni however let us take good historical example. In Egyptian religion serpent was an important deity when Christian trying to take place in that region. Christian declared that idols ipso facto were bad however the pre Christian people had already idols. In that situation Christian used very good tactic that truth by repeated assertion.
When Islam came in that region, they used another marketing differentiator: Look and observe in which they strictly prohibition on all images and whatever kind. This tactic certainly differentiates Islam from its main competitor which is Christianity because the latter allows for images. Thus the Islamic prohibition on all images can be seen as a sensible marketing tactic. Similarly, Marxist brought his idea which reject God and of course differentiates themselves than religion. They didn't rule out images in stead they also copied everything else that Christianity has. Their church, their schism, their protestants, their pope, their holy book, their prophets, their martyrs, their satan, their missionaries: namely, the Soviet Communist Party, the Russo-Chinese split, the Chinese Communist Party, Mao, Das Capital, Marx and Engels, Che Guevara, America, the CPI-M. The comparisons are striking. Obviously, this is also the prime reason that the Vatican collaborated strongly with the CIA to destroy the USSR: it was literally a new crusade for the glory of Christ's empire on earth (Srinivasan, 2000). For example, if a new religion comes along now, its supporters may try to differentiate themselves from Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Communism by adopting some new dogma and some new method of smearing themselves as the Chosen Ones.

God and Religion

Since few days, I am feeling whether I have lost something. I do not know what I lost or gain but I can definitely figure out that I am unstable. My daily routine has been changed. Everybody is worry about their lonely life and especially the person who used to live with family. In this situation either we share our pain to friends, who is close to us or some of them start praying god and wish. I did not do anything except reading articles, books and other materials about others thoughts and practices that how they explain in such situation. As a mature cultural person and student who had already spent all my youth studying in management and science, I prided myself on my objectivity. I might feel empathy toward a particular subject or situation, but as a scholar I tried to distance myself to observe and take note.
In Gita, Krishna has explained when human beings allow their mind to muse on objects of sense-enjoyments, an attraction for them is created. Attraction develops into craving and from craving follow causes for anger. Anger produces delusion. Delusion confuses the memory and understanding of things; from this confusion of understanding follows the disintegration of the power of discrimination; with discrimination gone, the human perishes. Krishna has also told that for a conscious being, to exist is to change, to change is to mature, to mature is to go on creating one’s self endlessly. In Buddhist philosophy it has been described that when the mind is disturbed, the multiplicity of things is produced, but when the mind is quieted, the multiplicity of things disappear. Fritjof Capra (1983) has stated his view in Eastern mystics, all things and events are perceived by senses are interrelated, connected, and are but different aspects or manifestations of the same ultimate reality. Our tendency to divide the perceived world into individual and separate things and to experience ourselves as isolated egos in this world is seen as an illusion which comes from measuring and categorizing mentality. However I tried to expose myself as a mature and educated person who can analyse other thoughts and can find out what is wrong and right to convince myself. Edward Thorndike (1910) the father of American educational psychology has stated his view in terms of education that the aim of education is …….…changing (the student) for the better …..….to produce in him the information, powers, habits, interests, ideas which are desirable. Intelligence has neither distinct grades no is it constituted by faculties that are truly independent but its highest manifestations are effects of a complication that has arisen by insensible steps out of the simplest elements. At last, I decided to write it down so it will help me in future that I had gone through this situation as well. In the beginning, I was simply thinking that I an entity who came to play as role in this earth. I tried to flow my mind to find out; how spiritual insights come on own, without any effort, emerging from the depth of consciousness. Consciousness seems proportionate to the living beings power of choice. It lights up the zone of potentialities that surrounds the act. It fills the internal between of what is done and what might be done. Sprit means breath, minds means a measure and thinking points to a thing, nevertheless these are cross media through which soul must be expressed. It made to think analytical, give logic and reason and pour out my impressions however in a diary to remember in future for reference purpose.

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God and Religion

Herbert Spenser has stated his view that students should be led to make their own investigations, and to draw their own inferences. They should be told as little as possible, and induced to discover as much as possible. The evolution of science was discrete and distinct from religion. Nobody dared to bridge them. The science god faces off often turned out into futile and dangerous attempts. Shreenivas Kasturi (2000) has explained his view that nobody troubles to think of the better ones, because then the credibility of the theory is lost. Such cases are the black sheep to an otherwise impeccable theory. So you don't find exceptions to the theory from the normal and various perspectives. It's when you start looking at the overall statistics of failures and successes that you start to believe that the true God is chance. By following this stated view, my main purpose of analysis writing is to find out who am I? If I am a simple human beings then why I am different than other human beings because I don’t follow how they ask me to do? I born free but my parents, teacher, relatives and friends gave me their culture and thoughts which I adapted whether it is good or bad? However, the question will also arise that if we stop believe in god what will happen to this real world? How far this theory and logic justified if we stop believing it? How far is the theory justified if we stop believing it? The moment we stop believing in god the whole world will be in chaos, the up to now well framed structure will collapse and it will be complicated and mess, morals gone disorganised. The system will terminate, end of the world, period. We do not want ourselves to go around doing sins, screaming indecent at god and remarking at others who dare to question us. We need to be controlled, we need to be in fear of someone, to be conscious of our errors and their outcomes, because our race is not developed enough to control our mind.
In Gita it has also stated that as long as our view of the world is fragmented, as long as these are under the spell of Maya and think that we are bond of Karma means to realise the unity and harmony of all nature, including ourselves, and to act accordingly. To free from the spell of Maya, to break the bonds of Karma to realise that all the phenomena we perceive with our senses are part of the senses of the same reality. It means to experience, concretely and personally, that everything, including our own self, is Brahman. This experience is called Moksha or liberation in Hindu philosophy.

God and Religion

I was searching of my mind and language for a name for the formless and unsurpassable. I was born and raised in Nepal and Nepali is my native language. Ultimately, I settled on the only name I could find that satisfied my heart and mind: the word, Ishwor (God), the name my precious mother spoke to me about when I was a boy. If I had been born and raised in a Christian culture, the name I would have chosen would have been Jesus Christ; If born and raised in a Muslim culture, the name would have been Allah; etc. As humans, we are limited to viewing the world from our own perspective based on experiences, knowledge, language, etc. When we don't actually know how to describe something that we don't fully understand (nature being an example), we express an idea and thought in terms that are familiar to us. The danger comes in an individual's interpretation of the word. For example, the word aggressive may have either a negative connotation (pushy, overbearing) or a positive connotation (powerful, ambitious). Second, with regard to common sense, instinct, and intuition, I do not believe that science should be used in an attempt to explain how these "skills" are applied by people in understanding something.
We human beings are separated in colour, religion, race, nationality, caste, different thoughts and etc. As far I am aware, we have been separated ourselves in theists and agnostics in our daily life. The religions ask every individual to surrender himself/herself to the God. There are so many people have surrendered themselves to the god and the result is war and hate between each other. Today, everybody is trying to prove that they are the best race, colour, religion, nationality, caste and so on. Humans experience the world in their own ways. We all have different experiences and unique backgrounds in our life. Every experience in life shapes our mind in a unique way preunderstanding and knowledge. Knowledge is a biological phenomenon. Through their internal processes, each human engages in a creative relationship with the external world, bringing forth a myriad of different models. Anyway, I am not going to argue and involve in any debate. My objectives are simple that I want to learn and know others experiences about God and religion. I don’t have any motive to offend anybody so if anybody does not like this article, I want to request them, please, simply ignore it.
I know that I cannot answer everything through scientific reasoning. It is true that it is acute sense of limits of human intellect, the limits of understanding depends on an individual, not in science itself that differentiates agnostics from theists. The interest between our current knowledge and understanding of universe is enormous, in other word probably infinite.
One of the Hindu’s Vedic scholar Swami Vivekananda (1893) has stated his views in terms of religion and god in his word:
"...if there is ever to be a universal religion, it must be one which will have no location in place or time; which will be infinite like the God it will preach, and whose sun will shine upon the followers of Krishna and of Christ, on saints and sinners alike; which will not be Brahminic or Buddhistic, Christian or Mohammedan, but the sum total of all these, and still have infinite space for development ..."
James W. Dow (2004) has stated his view in terms of religion is involved in adaptation, and all measures show that it promotes well being of human. Desire and hunger are part of religion. Probably the largest source of religious symbols is food. Food is a primary survival need for any organism. Food symbolism in religion needs to be studied, because perhaps the trophic obligation involved in religion surfaces in cultural symbolism in this way.

Religion and God

When describing reality, we must be careful not to weave in our own wishful views. For example, history does not have any purpose, as Hegel's metaphysics claimed it has. However, the purpose of studying history is to predict the future. The following two extreme worldviews painted so far by the organised religions, morality, culture, and metaphysics which are collections of linguistic and other kinds of logical fallacies. The Pythagorean view of the world was to study the world as an external entity. This gave rise to the Western scientific and analytical tradition. However, the mysticism view of Eastern world, as expressed, e.g., by I Ching (i.e., Book of Changes), is based on the attitude that man is inseparable from the world. The following figure depicts these two extreme views of the world:

In economic point of view, we cannot get developed just worshipping god and doing what has written in holy books. Most of the religion and cultures, people say that it was god’s wish so that it happened. If God wish for tsunami in which millions of people have lost and separated with their love ones. How a God can do if he creates? It is better to prevent than blame God. One of the economist has said that if you don’t have anything to do then go and dig your field whole day and fill it back at night. This statement trying to explain that we have to work for development, not just praying God to be developed. However in Gita as well, Krishna has told to Arjuna to engage yourself in proper activities. Action is better than non-action. Without work, even the bare substance of life is not possible.
If we assume that God has created us and this universe then who has created God? We also know that something cannot come from nothing. If there would be answer nothing then we are accepting that something can come nothing. Then it would true that we and the universe came from nothing. However some of the Atheism say that God gave Human free will, without it, we couldn’t love or do anything virtuous. Without free will we would be non-rational automatons. While God can and does intervene in the universe, if He intervened to stop all evil doing and natural disasters we would be effectively like helpless infants. And if God constantly intervened against nature’s laws, there would be no pattern by which man could discover how the world works. There would not be science, no pre-dictabilty of nature to rely on. The universe would be irrational. But if these laws originate in the mind of God, we are brought back to the question of God is own origins, which theists do not account for. Whereas neither side of the debate can solve the problem of first cause, what are we to believe?
The phenomena as human consciousness and sensation (including the sensation of free will) were used as evidence for the existence of a God because these things cannot be explained by scientists. But this amounts to taking anything that is beyond our present comprehension as evidence of a complex, creator of the universe. Such reasoning renders the human intellect powerless to investigate the unknown. Imagine if past declare that God causes such things as fire, thunder, rain, and biodiversity were left unchallenged in similar fashion. The world would be a simple place.
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God and Religion

Arlen Wolpert has described in his article “General theory of Religion” in mathematically that Knots in Heart, Heart Openness, and the three memories in the cognitive mechanism are called state variables. In system dynamics they are called stocks. Forgiveness Response, Heart Unfoldment Rate, Primary Information Processing Rate, and Background Information Processing Rate are examples of rates. They act like either the bathtub's inlet faucets or outlet drains. The arrows indicate causation. For example, the arrows coming from Prayer Trueness and Prayer Intensity and pointing at Prayer Quality indicate that the first two variables determine the value of Prayer Quality at any time. Specifically, the mathematical model gives the following definition of Prayer Quality:
Prayer Quality = 0.5*(Prayer Trueness + Prayer Intensity)
When Prayer Quality reaches 100%, which is the "forgiveness threshold", the Forgiveness Response is triggered and one Knot in Heart is removed in a ratchet-like fashion. Action then shifts to the negative feedback loop associated with Heart Openness: The removal of this one knot unseals the restricted and rigid or tight heart a bit, causing Psychic Stress to decrease rapidly, which then causes the Heart Unfoldment Rate valve to open. This causes Heart Openness to fill or open further, causing Psychic Stress to rise again as the heart begins to encounter the next knot. As a result Fear Death Due To Knot, and then Prayer Intensity and Willful Attention, begin to rise again. The rise in fear and the attention leads to a shift in loop dominance: Action shifts to the cognitive mechanism, which is essentially a negative feedback loop concerned with problem solving (Ellis 1995). The fear and attention driven Primary Information Processing Rate in the cognitive mechanism speeds up, leading to an increase in Knot Origin Insight. This increasing insight is concerned with the solution to the following problem: What is the particular sin, guilt, or hatred that is at the origin of the knot? The gradual solution to this problem and its gradual acceptance lead to greater Prayer Trueness and then greater Prayer Quality until the latter reaches the "forgiveness threshold," triggering the Forgiveness Response again. Then, the next knot cycle begins.
God was a central part of Aristotle's vision of ethics because to him proper morality was considered divine and highly prized. Aristotle reasoned the "best" things are described as blessed and happy because this was the status of God and the most god-like men. Animals cannot attain in this status however humans only can achieve that status if they properly develop their souls.
Aristotle felt that happiness was not a state of feeling, enjoyment or pleasure; however rather it was the definition of that which is the most desirable and satisfying of life. Aristotle did not believe that God provided us with such a life but rather we had to earn it as a result of our good actions. Our good actions were the result of our acquired virtues we developed though learning, training, and cultivation of proper habits. If this were done, he believed we had acquired the most god-like blessed prize that humans can achieve in the world. To Aristotle, study and care rather than chance is how virtue, which was the greatest and most noble accomplishment of all, is won.

Religion Vs Reality

RELIGION	REALITY
God first	People first
Fits people to environment	Fits environment to people
One person's vision	Everyone's vision
Moves perceptions	Moves things
Causes culture	Causes progress
Born into a prison that you cannot smell or taste or touch. A prison for your mind."	Like coming out of Matrix "Welcome to the real world!"
Kills people for breaking discipline or forbidden quests	Rewards people for it and calls it creativity and exploration
Believes in punishment	Believes in opportunity
Believes in afterlife	Believes in present life
Tells what to do to live	Tells what not to do to live
If you don't perform you are accepted, if you behave well you are accepted	If you perform you are a celebrity, if you don't perform you are accepted
Disagreement eliminated by eliminating the odd one(s)	Disagreements accepted, negotiated for common ground.