Knowledge worker and the Professional:

Knowledge as such is an effective instrument through which a human being attains enlightenment which finally liberates the human being from irrational and non-rational forces. Further, knowledge to me is also a continued practice of doing things in a planned and matured manner.Frenktel et al. (1995) defines his view about the knowledge worker that knowledge workers rely predomentatly on theorical knowledge, and their work requires a high level of creativity for which they mainly use intellectively skills. The table as follow shows how these characteristics of knowledge workers can be contrasted with those of routine workers undertaking the type of work.These two types can be seen as the far extremes- many employees will lie somewhere between these two types if the various aspects of their work are analysed according tothe dimensions suggested here. It is important to recognise tht particular job can vary between the dimensions, for instance, a landscape gardner could be considered to rely on contextual knowledge and action-centred skill (so closer to a routine worker in these aspects).

An alternative defnitions of 'knowledge worker' has been provived by Reed(1996). He rejets the notion of knowledge work being concerned solely with the act of work-in particular information processing and manipulating-which he views as far too inclusive and lacking in the theoretical precisions. Insted Reed suggests that it performed by specialists. In devising this definitions he is also keen to distinguish 'knowledge workers' from other type of experts-in particular, professionals.

Scarborough (1999) highlights three ways that knowledge workers can be distinguished:

1)Unlike traditional professionals, they cannot ,monopolise specialist knowledge and so cannot derive power from this. However, this does not mean they are powerless. Instead their power derives from their scarcity within a liberal market environment.

2)knowledge workers are more dependent on employers because 'knowledge work is less a matter of the application of predefined expertise(as with professional work) and more a joint product a human interactions with informational and intellectual assets delivered through information and communication technologies'

3)knowledge workers are more instrumental than professionals. They consider the knowledge in terms of its value rather than whether it is good in its own right.

Whereas Frenkel, Korczynski, Shire and Tam (1999) argue that knowledge workers can be distinguished from professional workers, Reed prefers to describe 'knowledge worker' as a particular type of professional. He labels this type of worker the 'entrepreneurial professional' and provides the financial and business consultants, project engineers, computer analysts and media consultants. Drawing upon this description, we can distinguish these knowledge workers by three characteristics:

*They have task-specific, highly specialised cognative and technical skills;

*They rely on a combination of embrained, embodied and embedded knowledge;

*They aggressively market themselves as purveyors of specialist expertise that can solve complex organisational problems.

To underline thier distinctiveness, a contrast can be drawn between knowledge workers and other two professional groups

1)Liberal/independent professional: (Doctors, Architects, Layers and so on)

*they have an occupational-specific knowledge/skill base;

*they rely on embrained and encoded knowledge;

*traditionally they have operated autonomously from organisations by controlling the access to the education and training required to qualify and practise. By enacting occupational closure they have been able to establish a monopoly position over their work and have gained public recognition of their expertise.

2)Organisational professionals: (Managers, administrators, technicians and so on)

*they have an organisation-specific (localised) knowledge base;

*they rely on embedded and encultured kowledge;

*at best they have built partial occupational closure, through establishing educational and bureaucratic credentials within the organisation. This produces organisational recognisation and gives them powerful positions within technical and status hierarchies.

Types of Knowledge:

Probably, it is accurate to say that almost every jobs entail some aspects of "Knowledge", the type of knowledge required according to the job and differes considerably. In this respect, the work of Blacker (1995) is partucarly very useful because he distinguishes between five forms of knowledge. The descriptions below are based on categories:
Embrained knowledge: This type is knowledge contains the abstract, conceptual and theoretical information that we have in our heads. It can be applied to solve problems and 'think around' issues in the creativity way.
Embodied knowledge: This type of knowledge contains practicle and applied ways of doing things learned from experience. Problems are solved by drawing upon previous experience and a wealth of information about the specific context.
Encultured knowledge: This type os knowledge contains shared understandings about 'how things are done around here'. This can be an essential part of the organisational culture or the workgroup's culture.
Embedded Knowledge:This kind of knowledge contains systematic routines that mean a person can perform a task or activity 'without thinking'. The task becomes 'second nature' to the person, to such an extent that knowledge, learning and skill behind it is when discussing tacit skills.
Encoded knowledge:This type of knowledge contains information conveyed by signs and symbols. This blogger is a form of encoded knowledge. Information technology has increased potential to encoding, manipulating and transmitting knowledge.
Blackler observes that these five forms indicate that 'all individuals and all organisations, not just the so-called knowledge workers or knowledge organisations are knowledgeable'
References: Blacker,F.(1995) 'Knowledge, knowledge worker and organizations:an overview and interpretation', Organisational studies, 16 (6): 1021-46

Goal Verses the World

Action Cycle:Human action has 2 aspects i.e. execution and evaluation.
Execution involves doing something;
Evaluation is comparision of what happened in the world with what we wanted to happen (our goal). These two human actions can be shown in figuare as follows:
Stages of execuaions: Start at the top with goal, the state that is to be achived. The goal is translated into an intention to do some action. The intention must be translated into a set of internal commands, an action sequence that can be performaned to satisfy the intention. The action sequence is still a mental event: nothing happens until it is executed, performaed upon the world.
Stages of evalutions: Evaluation starts with our perception of the world. This perception must then be interpreted according to our expectations and then compared (evaluted) with respect to both our intentions and our goals.
Seven stages of actions: The stages of execution from (intentions, actions sequence and execution) are coupled with stages of evalution from (perception, interpretation and evalution) with goal common to both stages:

Education and its Impact in Development:

There is a good Chinese proverb that says if you are planning for years - sows rice, for ten years — plant trees and for a hundred years—educates the people. The development of education has played an important part in Asian economic expansion. The university student study and subject themselves to assessments to gauge the level of depth of their understanding, knowledge and skills. That type of formal studying situation will test, grade and award qualifications on the basis of whether the individual has reached an agreed and measurable standard. The main thing is that studying concerned with the acquisition of knowledge, attitude and value, emotional, responses and skills. The awards and punishment levelled to them in the past will affect their motivation and attitudes towards learning in present. The 1991 population census of Nepal reported that 5,958,748 or 39.3 percent were literate amongst those aged 6 years and above. According to the 2001 population census, such literates reached to 11,481,6003. In other words, that data shows that it has been doubled in a decade. Out of these, 90.1 percent were able to both read and write while 9.9 percent were able to only read. The average literacy rate has now reached 59.6 percent. Similarly during the 1991-2001 decade, the number of the highly educated also increased. According to the 1991 census, the number of those educated at the graduate level and above was 96,977. The 2001 census revealed that the number of those receiving such high education had reached 352,2434 or an increase of 3.6 times. Out of that number, 78.7 percent were of graduate level and 21.3 percent of post-graduate level. This is a very good starting point of Nepal’s development.
The private sector was re-allowed into education after about a decade-long experience-in-failure of nationalized education under the so-called New Education Policy of early 1970s in Nepal. Dr. Tirth Raj Khaniya says his view, despite a two-decade long involvement into this field the private sector in education is still at infancy and confused. Most of the teachers in government school motivated less by professional ethics and more by party politics so that our current education cannot depend entirely on the government school, technical education and University for quality education. The books prepared in the style of the grandfather are taught by the teachers who are of the father’s age. And the poor students of today are always at loss as to what is being taught to them in government school. However, the new law has left education as a battlefield of the private and the public sectors. The policymakers have kept the government as the producer of education whereas logically it should be the buyer only.
The government current policy in which the people should have been left free to choose the type of higher education. Government should create such an environment to the people have been made to bear the expenses as well for such education could help to improve the education quality and competition between government and private school/college/university. It will make people ready to pay for such education because with this sort of education they are sure of being employed and recovering the expenses in future. However, as everybody would not be able to afford the full cost of such education, the government should develop a mechanism to make it affordable for everyone interested. Such mechanism can be a system of scholarship or loan facility or a combination of both. If it is a scholarship, it is a case of education being bought by the society; if it is loan-financed the implication is that the person who pays the loan can appropriate the benefits as he/she wishes. Nepal’s experience in sending people to good educational institutes for higher level technical education, such as Medicine and Engineering can be regarded as the example of how the scholarship system can be used.
But the problem in education in Nepal is not only the cost. In closer scrutiny, it can be found that cost is not the problem at all. If the courses offered are such that the person who receives the education is going to be employable immediately after completing the course, meeting the cost is only a matter of arranging the loan from a bank or elsewhere.
The next issue of debate in education is quality and that is related with the cost. People complain, for example, that the students who come out of the private schools pass with good marks in the examination but lack the analytical capability. In other word we can say that education always has a cost attached to it, and better the quality of education, the higher is the cost likely to be. Better teachers and better methodologies of teaching will be available at a higher cost. The implication is that, if we maintain on reducing the cost, the quality also will suffer.
Of course, we can take an example so far as Japan, where the educational priorities and the rights of citizens and residents against the local authorities to provide school education assumed a leading role in the beginning of rapid economic expansion. Let us take one good example in this issue, as a whole education consumed as much as 43 per cent of the budgets of the towns and villages between 1906 and 1911 for Japan. In this period in Japan, the progress of elementary education in particular was rapid, and the recruiting army officers noted the remarkable fact that while in 1893 one third of the army recruits were illiterate similarly by 1906 there was hardly anyone who was not literate. By 1913, though Japan was economically still quite underdeveloped and very poor. It had become one of the largest producers of books in the world publishing more books than Britain and indeed more than twice as many books as the United States. To a great extent the fast economic expansion of East and South-east Asia has drawn on the lessons of these experiences, particularly through the arrangements associated with the enhancement of human resources and skill. These developments were at once social (they deal with education and other social opportunities) and economic (they influenced economic performance), as well as legal (they were associated with creating a pattern of rights and duties which influenced the lives of citizen).
Another interesting area, which has come into importance very recently in context of Nepal, is India’s rapid success in the development of computer software (India has become the second largest software producer in the world after the United States). This process has been made possible not only by the expansion of technical education in India, but also by the comparatively flexible legal arrangements that govern these businesses compared with the much more rigid regulations that apply to more traditional commerce and industrial production, in which progress has been much slower.
References:

Prof. Sen’s lecture on "What is the role of legal and judicial reform in the development process?" The copy was provided by Focal Point for Financial Sector Reforms, Corporate and Financial Governance Project, Ministry of Finance, HMG of Nepal).

Business Age Nepal, Aprial 2002

Dr. Harka Bahadur Gurung's article about Nepal's Education and Languages.

1901 Japanese predications:

1. worldwide wireless telephone
2. worldwide colour photo instant transfer
3. Extinet wild animals
4. Green Sahara
5. Rise of China, Japan and Africa
6. Round the world trip in 7 days, global travel for everyone
7. Warship in the air
8. Extermination of flies and fleas
9. Air conditioner
10. Cultivation by electricity of tropical plants
11. Advanced voice transmitter, love talk over 10 miles
12. Picture telephone
13. Shopping by picture telephone
14. Electricity as fuel
15. Bullet train 2.5 hours between Tokyo and Kobe
16. Rubber tire trains in the air and under the ground
17. worldwide rail network
18. Natural disaster control
19. Everybody taller than 6 feet
20. Electric needle medical treatment without pain or medicine
21. Automobiles without horse
22. Animal language literacy
23. Advanced education
24. Countrywide electricity distribution
Source:Moody & Morley, How Manufacturing will work in the year 2020 "The Technology Machine" The Free Press, page:62

The Real Meaning of Innovation:

Since few days, I was busy on collecting articles, books and research papers to write my report paper. While in the mean time, I found one interesting book "How Manufacturing will work in the Year 2020" written by Moody & Morly. The authors have tried to include so many interested topic like "The real meaning of innovation".

This century has witnessed that manufacturing system in a way that was never imagined, even a few decades ago. Our civilization has migrated from a purely industrial society to global business age in which the movement of bits is as important to the economy as the manufacturing of goods.

In last few decades, manufacturing used to known as just a simple business. A plant’s operating goals were clear: Maximize profits by running a single product for as long as possible and then change over lines and run the next product for as long as possible. A famous phrase was pointed by Henry Ford that in customers’ point of view, they could have any product, in any colour …... as long as they wanted the product that was in stock and the colour they preferred was black.

Innovation which does not evoke images of doing what we have always done just a little bit better. Innovation suggests new peaks of performance, surges of wealth and growth, the creation of new markets, and creation of even more wealth and resources. The challenge for innovation leaders, who may not exactly predict the precise mechanisms to take them to the next level, is to understanding physics, computer sciences, human behaviour, and trading. Innovation leaders live with time at their back, a lingering competitive presence whose pressure magnifies the weight of everyday market and financial concerns.
Leaders of small and medium size business must struggle with resource allocation that fosters innovation; leaders in the few large innovative business, such as Motorola, must clear away the brush and attack the organisational encumbrances-fiefdoms and denial-that dishonour the energy and sprit of Galvin family founders.

The Grand Challenges:

Allow each access to knowledge and information
· To be or not to be reachable anytime, anywhere
· To have instant access to all information
· To be present or absence anytime, anywhere
Provide ready access to improved health
· Reliable, cost effective medical diagnostics and prostheses
· Design/manufacturing for sustainable planet
Simplify the transactions of daily life
· The paperless office
· The cashless society
Allow mankind to live in dignity and comfort
· Intelligent highways and transportation systems
· Abundant, clean, safe, affordable energy
New, high value added products and industries
Source: George Gilder, Telecommunications policy Roundtable, Forbes ASAP, 5th December, 1994, page.162

How blog changing our attitude towards reading?

Paul Kedrosky writes that the bloggers liked best were people who spent most of their time doing some other things than blog. They find a few minutes for blogging here and there between doing other things, and still find time to get stuff out there on a daily basis, but they don't spend most of their time blogging.
Few a generation ago, the world is better able to read and more knowledgeable. There are top 35 nations which have 99 percent or better literacy. In advanced nations, computers and the Internet are changing the way people reading and knowledge sharing process. It can make now clear that the younger generation prefer the internet to the printed media for reading general news and express their view to the world. Search engines and hyperlinks, those underlined words or phrases that when clicked take us to a new Web page, have turned the online literary tour into a kind of U-pick island-hop. We can take an example of Sakuntala’s drama written by Kalidasa in 3rd century which a student of the play can read probably all the way through and then search separate commentaries and analyses in web. The reading experience should be better on online compare to paper. Techniques like PARC’s ScentHighlights highlights whole sections of text it determines we should pay special attention to, as well as other words or phrases that it predicts we will be interested in are offering the kind of reading that is above and beyond what paper can offer.
Stanford University research group is taking a different approach in hopes of making reading on mobile phones faster and easier. Analysts expect mobile phones to evolve into a multipurpose "third screen," along with televisions and computers displaying both pictures and text. But the small screen size has made reading bulky, as users scroll through tiny screen after screen. To solve that, Buddy Buzz, a project of a small group within the Stanford Persuasive Technology Laboratory, flashes text to the viewer a word at a time. Users who sign up can download news from Reuters and CNET, from several popular Internet bloggers. Users can also feed their own texts into the website and have them sent to their mobile phone, or offer their content to other Buddy Buzz users. Neither ScentHighlights nor Buddy Buzz is commercially available, though a free test version of the latter is available at the Buddy Buzz website.

Indians in the Race of development:

Few days ago, I was surfing in net to search articles. In the mean time, I found a very interesting topic about Indians who are really very competitive in world’s development process. Thomas Friedman writes in the context of western European nations rejecting the EU constitution – This is a bad time for France and friends to lose their appetite for hard work - just when India, China and Poland are rediscovering theirs.
The key secret is that India is taking work from Europe or America not simply because of low wages because Indians are ready to work harder and can do anything from answering your phone to designing your next airplane or car. They are not racing with Western developed country to the bottom however they are racing to the top. In fact, there is a huge famine breaking out all over India today, an incredible hunger which is not for food however it is a hunger for opportunity that has been unexpressed like volcanic lava under four decades of socialism, and it's now just started to bursting out with India's young generation. Few of my article like Bhrat Varsha’s civilization in which I have tried to include the different phases of ancient development in India. The Editor of The Indian Express Shekhar Gupta has expressed his view in his paper that India is the oldest civilization, the largest democracy and the youngest population - almost 70 percent is below age 35 and almost 50 percent is 25 and under. A grass-roots movement is now spreading in India who are demanding that English should be taught in state schools, where 85 percent of children go- beginning in first grade, not fourth grade. Even the poor have been to the cities enough to know that English is now the key to a technology sector job, and they want their kids to have access of those opportunities.The Indian state of West Bengal has the oldest elected Communist government left in the world today. The Communist government declared Information Technology work an "essential service," making it illegal for those workers to strike. This is not about wages at all - the whole wage differential thing is going to reduce very quickly. It is about people who have been starving "finally seeing the ability to realize their dreams.

Do We Know about Money:

Sometime in my mind one question always strikes that Why are so many people unable to get out of their financial problems despite a ruthless struggle to make money throughout their lives? This question has been mystifying people across the globe, not only me. If you ask an average Nepalese person, he/she might reply that there are few earning opportunities in Nepal. I agree in that answer however this is a not a genuine answer only. The genuine answers of Nepal’s economic activities are at low which is going out i.e. the atmosphere is not favourable for business, Job opportunities are not being created and skilled manpower is being brain-drained every day to overseas and other countries, to say nothing of the dilemma of uneducated and unskilled.
Muglan is a popular Nepali everyday word that is often used to refer to any foreign destination where people go to earn money. The term “mass muglanization” has been used here to describe the mass departure of Nepalese youth to other countries in search of better earnings. It seems as if the queue of youngsters aspiring to go abroad is endless. Certainly, this situation has arisen out of rising financial desperation among people. The government is delighted that a sum nearly equal to the country’s annual budget is coming in, both officially and unofficially, as inward allowance every year. But I wonder if the government is worried about the fate of our young generation, which has a direct bearing on the destiny of this country. However, I believe that a good earning opportunity or a high paying job alone will not rescue a person out of financial distress. What people need is financial literacy and basic knowledge about money, which our education system fails to convey to our children. To earn a good income and to be financially safe and secure are two completely different things. Even if you earn a handsome salary, you can still continue to remain financially helpless or desperate. Financial education is the difference between making money and retaining money.
Pointless to say, the sole objective of many of those who are leaving the country to overseas today is to earn money. Only a few of the diaspora have been in hunt of higher studies or careers; many of them too would not spare any chance to convert themselves into permanent non-resident Nepalese (NRNs) – a lot hardly of any help for the nation as has been observed so far. Most of the people who has gone to other countries or overseas for employment are destined to end up as labourers in factories, construction sites, slaughter houses, gas stations, restaurants, convenience stores and so on. After working as unskilled labourer for some years, they come back home with the money earned but few skills or creativity. The best they can do with this money is to clear off their prior obligations/debts, to incur some social expenditure and to create new liabilities by acquiring a house, vehicle, etc. for personal use. Brainwashed and obsessed by years of unskilled labour, overtime duty and drawing weekly wages, they are neither left with any idea or skill for entrepreneurship nor with any knowledge about proper utilisation of their hard earned money. The government is a simple witness: it fails to address the root of the problem and to create opportunities for both careers and money back home. Neither has it got any clear/plain plans before it to have such allowance fund utilised for creative or development activities.

Adapted from Dev Raj Adhikari

Feeling:

One of my friend was telling me his feeling which really touched my heart and mind. I like psychology so I just wrote it down his feeling in this blog as a rough for future refereces purpose: Perhaps Nobody can understand my feeling, even I used to share my feeling to one of the friend. Every one around me who knows me believe that I am really short tempered (thats what they feel). Even if I do, Nobody understands the reason of my temper or try to go further behind it. I think who have that much time to think about me? Just take an example, I become anger nobody ever understands why I am angry, the reason or cause behind it or to whom I am angry with? The main problem with me that I believe, I shouldn’t hurt any person by saying or with my behaviour that they hurted me, however I can’t hide my feelings so involuntarily, I start staying aloof from that person and show indifference towards the person. Its become just a trait of my behaviour and character. I think hardly any of my friends ever understands or feel it. At times I just feel like screaming at that person to vent out my anger however I wish could do to him/her. Honestly, I can’t see any solution to this problem because its hurting me and the other person as well. In the mean time, I just scare that I might loose some good friends because of this attitude of mine.

Today, I am really missing someone but why should she care about me? She just used to tell me that she likes me alot and She miss me every moment. I think she just used to tell me to make me happy, may be i couldn't understand her or she couldn't unedrstand me? Everythings are going to be end in mystry. Our nearly one year friendship (I will say more that friend that I had felt to her) gone with in just one wind blow. My feeling was stable like one clean pond's water but somebody threw a stone where a long of waves started coming. I start feeling that my mind is not stable, I don't know why? May, I lost something which I can't get in my life. Why did she made me to feel like that?Does she feel how I am feeling?of couse not.I was just a person whom she tried to play with my feeling. I wish her bright future.

let's discuss about money:

Normally, People behave hypocritically when it comes to money. They pretend that money is the main cause of all evil, however they act differently. Education is being accepted as essential worldwide. However it is quite surprising that there is no such education about money to everybody which is the main instrument for financial well-being of the humanity.
All of us should admit that money is a must in our life. There is one proverb in Nepali “If you have money then everybody is yours, if you don’t have money then you don’t have even your own”. If we continue hypocritical about it and treat it as an outlawed fruit or sour grapes, we will remain slaves until change our concept to it. However, if we try to understand about it and develop knowledge/awareness about handling it properly, we can become masters of it.

Bharat Varsha's civilisation:

India has been in actuality for something around 3000 years. The Bharat Varsha concept has been in trend for more than 3000 years. Many people would difference of opinion this aside saying that I am quoting myth but I would like to claim that it is our education which denominates the way we look at facts and figures presented to us. We are all products of the Western system of education which perforce had to civilise our thinking from the "barbaric" ways of our ancestors’ way of understanding Bharat Varsha and its contributions to mankind.When we study civilisations and their rise and fall. There will be one thing significantly comes to light which is the cycle of growth and fall is similar to the law of diminishing returns. When a civilisation is in the establishing mode then the need to create newer standards is a epochal. This accelerates the creative spirit of the surrounding environment and the passionate desire to contribute to the growth drives this creative spirit. However once certain exceptional standards are achieved which one may look back upon as catalytic to the growth of the society. The collective psyche tends to stagnate and basking in the glory of its achievements.Let’s take an example of a company X which was in the process of getting established for a great product they invented. During the early few odd years the energy in the company would be electric and transferable. The people populating the environment would be driven by a sense of achievement. When it is firmly established and the growth is accelerating, demand goes high, the creativity tends to retard as there is a lack of urgency to meet expectations. People tend to relax in the light of their achievements and rely more on the past examples. This would plateau the growth after a couple of years and eventually lead to prospective downfall of the enterprise. Unless there is an urgent need to innovate so as to survive. This again leads to creativity and newer ideas.In other words, if X axis is Time (in months) and Y axis is Creativity the resulting curve would be shaped as an Inverted Bell (Bell curve) in which the Initial Curve (IC) is more gradual and therefore more in time. The Plateau (TP) stretching for about one third of the earlier time and then finally the Down Curve (DC) lasting for about almost the same time of the up curve with the initial slope much steeper gradually narrowed off which would be repeated again and again if certain survival stimuli are given on the down-coming curve. This could be termed as rebirth of the creativity drive.The brilliant positive aspect of these curves is that if the resurrection occurs the base line now begins higher due to the previous repository of knowledge. We have compressed time when we consider small entities like companies for whom the lifespan generally is of 20 to 30 years on an average. When we consider life cycle of civilisations / Nations, the time model is in units of 100 to 200 of years. These entities follow the similar bell curves as did the company X discussed above. Now let’s consider the specific example given in the question India.Period in question is 1500 BC to 2000 AD.

IC:

The history of our beloved nation has been that of extreme innovation and creativity in the earlier 2500 odd years. Just imagine the Mahabharata and Ramayana had descriptions of almost modern settings. We had flying objects (Pushpaka Biman); we had weapons which caused destruction similar to that of atom bombs (Brahma Astra etc). We had great governance and administration as is evident from the both stories. We had great innovations in music, arts and sciences e.g. Astronomy, Astrology, Numerals, Communication, town planning and musical creativity as is evident from the metres used in the Mahabharata and Ramayana. We had creativity at its essence which resulted in the structure of Grammar by Panini unparalled till date, Medical sciences sprouted volumes on the human diseases and ailments as propounded by Charaka, Sushruta and in the Ayurveda. We had the human body studied thoroughly and exercises detailing the minutest as in Ashtanga Yoga by Patanjali etc. The list could go on and on and on. This is the IC part of the Bell.

T P:

The period from the 200 BC to about 800 AD has been an era also termed as the Golden Era of our civilisation. This was the time wherein the flower of the creativity expressed in the IC part blossomed. You had magnificent temples built, luxury palaces built and expression of art at its epitome. Examples of these are, Khajuraho, Somnath, Badrinath, Kamrup, Madurai temples, great cities built like Pataliputra, education centres like Nalanda, Taxila; wonderful poets like Kalidasa, Bhartrihari; astronomers and mathematicians like Aryabhatta, Bhaskara etc. This era did not add substantially to stimulating creativity but started making the thought process rigid and structured leaving very less room for creativity.

D C:

Whenever we say it is the Golden Period of a nation. It is the first sign of the DC to come. It has been rightly said that huge and impressive monuments and extremely involved complex structures indication the downfall of a civilisation. The period from about 800 AD (more or less) to 1950 AD was a period of total rigidity and contracted thinking. They have been examples which defied the above (like those expressed in monumental structures as in Mughal Period, in Rajasthan and in the Vijaynagar period) but more or less except for such examples of very less time about 100 odd years. The decline in thought and expression of the Indian Psyche was very vivid. We lacked unity and we fought incessantly without much progress on any front. This also resulted in migration from one ideology to another and resulted in further rigidity.1950 AD onwards: We have come to a period of creative upheaval. The process of breaking the chains of the DC era are slowly breaking and this has resulted in the mass movement of creative leaders migrating to the West which fostered their latent potential. This “brain drain " has resulted in many Indians making a name for themselves abroad and this in turn has slowly propelled the common man to unshackle him/herself and realise his latent potential . The move the nation is making towards making this reality are not pre-mediated but necessary for survival and thus is starting a movement which would mean the start of another IC with the base line shifted further up.Many would argue to various remarkable instances of creativity in the DC period. I would like to add that within these periods too you will find some minor corrections (as in the Sensex curve) but the general trend has been that of a DC. The IC has surely started now and thus this is a time of increasing creativity necessitated by survival.Curiously it is also the time of IC in the Chinese civilisation next-door. In all, I would say that India will now produce quantum inventions as these would be necessary for the future survival of this civilisation.

Let's discuss about Nepal:

Probably, I can’t help drawing parallels between Nepal and Europe however it is my miniature attempt to analyse about this issue. Historically we had (we continue to have) as much diversity as in Europe. The rise of Europe to an extent can be attributed to the voyagers who set out to discover new lands like south Asia (Especially India) for spices, gold and diamonds in particular. This to an extent was instrumental to all the quantum innovations that happened there (to think of all the technology that was invented in the wars that ensued). In Second World War, Germany had invented so many advanced war technology machines. Was it needed of people that led them to do this or was it greed? Probably it could be combination of both. Why did this not happen in Nepal? Was it lack of need or was it lack of greed? Probably, it could be a combination of both. Let’s switch time frames and get back to reality. Why are so many young Nepalese are keen to discover new lands of opportunities (call them modern day voyagers if you like)? Is it needed that is leading them to do this or is it greed? Probably, it could be a combination of both. Now will this bring quantum innovations to Nepal? This does depend on a lot of factors. Are the modern day voyagers returning with their catch (material & intellectual resources)? How intense is the competition between Nepal to equip these modern day voyagers? Are they creating the infrastructure and innovation environment where the new Nepal can create quantum innovations? We see this happening to an extent in the IT area for example, India reverse brain drain & competition between different states in IT.We still have a huge rural heartland which is not part of this equation. This is where the government has to focus. Educate people and make them aware of the possibilities. Create infrastructure where the rural population can take part in (probably reverse brain drain of people from the cities to the villages?).In prospect of Nepal development process, we need to move away from a prescriptive approach to one of partnership and joint problem solving between students, researchers, employees and employers. It is important to educate and involve researchers and workers, recognise, their expertise while at the same time shaping their expectations. We must think in terms of active interaction between people and their work position rather than seeing employees as people who are ‘reacting’ to a situation they find themselves in.

Attitude towards Entrepreneurship in Nepal

# Significant occupational shift was noticed in a generation from farming to non-farming. It was faster in urban areas than in rural areas.
# Awareness about entrepreneurship is high (44% of the sample was found aware).
# 80% of respondents were prepared to take risks by taking bank loan and they were confident of being able to repay it back in a year.
# 73% of the respondents said they regarded the traditional caste based division of labour as an obstacle to development, thus indicating that they were open to modernization.
#· Only about a quarter of the respondents said they had ever heard of business promotion policies of the government.
# 25% of the respondents were found highly enterprising (when tested using TV Rao’s locus of control Entrepreneurship Orientation Inventory).
# Rural respondents more enterprising (1% higher) than urban respondents
# Women more potentially enterprising (31%) than men (23%)
# People from high social standing and educated lot were found preferring fixed income jobs while the less educated were more inclined to self-employment.

Source: Attitude towards Entrepreneurship in Nepal, SBPP, 1994

Entrepreneurship and religion:

Nepali conflict assumes all the more significance and importance because of the strategic location of Nepal as it is between two Asian giants- India and China, with two different traditions, cultures and even politics.Dor Bahadur Bista, one of the well known sociologists in Nepal has stated his view in his book "Fatalism and Development" about the development process of Nepal. He has stressed his view in religion which is the main barrier of entpreneurship development in Nepal. Strong religious belief of the Nepalese that the fortune of a person is determined by his/her performance in the previous life is generally offered as one of the factors blocking entpreneurship development in Nepal. His logic and research book is widely popular in Nepal which is highly used as first reference book by every development worker who comes to Nepal under a donor assisted project.
In 1994 research study had been done by SBPP which has proved Bista's hypothesis wrong. About 60% of the respondents in the survey did not believe in fatalism. On the contrary, the study has confirmed that the country-frog syndrome (a phenomenon of everybody pulling everybody else down and not allowing him/her progress, also called "leg pulling" tendency or in Nepali Khutta Tanne Prabritti) is one of the major hurdles in the entrepreneurial development. According to the report, this indicated to the lack of unity in the society. And this seems to be an area where the state interventions for reforms would be very much helpful. The hypothesis that Hinduism & Buddhism is less encouraging to entrepreneurship is proven wrong by examples also from elsewhere, such as India, Fiji, the East Africa and Malaysia where the occupation of Hindus has been business and entrepreneurship. In these sectors they are quite success.
In my view, Lack of genuineness and honesty with oneself or with others seems to be a characteristic common not only to intellectual person but to many leaders, government worker and to many other people. It is difficult to understand because everybody can not know what other people think they are hiding from others when they not only do not treat them reasonably and decently but think they are successfully pretending they are. There is no such successful simulation; only the additional proposition that one is as hypocritical and dense as one is incompetent or unkind.

Developent in Nepal:

The main regrettable thing for development in Nepal is being landlocked between two superpower country like India and China. Nepal is situated between India and China which three parts east, south and west is India; and north is China (Tibet). The ongoing moist war, corruption, political instability and security situation is another frequently reasons for stunting the most of development in Nepal. Business development may actually have stunted because of this situation as the market has shrunk and sometimes the link to the raw material sources may be cut off. However, some of the researchers and analysts also argue that such situations which cause substantial displacement of people can create the good breeding ground for business development in future. We can take such an example to exemplify this is available from Nepal itself. Still in Tibet, most of the Tibetans people were more engaged in spiritual pursuits, some studies (such as by Laurie Zivetz) have concluded that displacement is one of the major reasons that some Tibetan refugees in Nepal have established themselves as successful business in Nepal. This indicates to the prospects for emerging business and development out of the Maoists victims as well as from the Bhutanese refugees. The more delayed is the return of Bhutanese refugees, the higher is the likelihood of their adjustment into the Nepali society. It may be recalled that many of those who had returned from Burma in the past had started business enterprises and some of the major business houses of today have their origin in those Burma returns.

Performance................

There have been done many studies in human factors and their behaviours in the past. In the early time on 1920s, Henry Ford was influenced by the work of Fredrick Taylor to improve the efficiency of the line workers. Fredrick Taylor had stated his view that ‘Hardly a worker can be found who does not devote his time to studying just how slowly he can work’. This statement made Henry Ford to devote his time to speed up the workers. He stated his view that ‘In simple repetitive tasks like automobile, there was to be no need for skilled labour. Men could learn to do any job quickly, as each job was broken into smaller operations, done by many different men at many different machines.
Since 1927 to 1932, Roethlisberger and Dickson researched on work situations that affect the morale and productive efficiency of shop-workers. They unexpectedly observed that people’s performance reflects the way they are measured. This study is known as the Hawthorne Effect nowadays.
In the mid of 1930, Kurt Lewin developed a dynamic theory of personality. This was based on empirical observation to predict psychological behaviour in which researcher has to consider the whole situation: the momentary structure and the state of the person and the psychological environment. This observation leads to a new way of thinking. Lewin established that the behaviour of the people could be described in terms of the person and environment. This definition can be expressed as follows:
B = f (P, E)
where, B stands for behaviour, E stands for Environment and P stands for the Psychological profile of a person.
In 1930s, Tolman and Lewin formulated the general “expectancy-theory” model of human motivations that provides one way to analysing and predicting which courses of action an individual will follow when he has the opportunity to make personal choices about his/her behaviour. The motivational “force” to engage in behaviour is a multiplicative function of (1) the expectancies the person holds about what outcomes are likely to result from that behaviour and (2) the valence of these outcomes. Recently it has been usefully applied to behaviour in organisational setting (Vroom, 1964; Porter & Lawler, 1968) which can be expressed in symbols as follows:
MF = E x V
where, MF stands for motivational force, E stands for expectancy and V stands for valence.
There has been done other research about people at work which includes of behavioural research and applied psychology. Bonnes and Secchiaroli analysed the literate in environment psychology in which they found that physical factors such a light, noise and temperature can affect performance of an individual. Some of the recent studies also include factors such as air quality and colours.
Lewinian research helps to conceptualise the relationship between people, their environment and their behaviour. The main focus of previous work has been on understanding the interactions between physical, social and economic environment and behaviour.

When designing the human–machine interface, there is a need for system designers, developers, and programmers with knowledge of the production system, operators, work tasks, human limitations, information needs, etc. The dynamic features also require new ways of working, increased confidence on information technology, as well as user-centred support during various work tasks in different development and production phases. Therefore it is needed a closer collaboration, e.g. flexible co-operation and continuous information flow between engineers, operators, development and production departments, suppliers, etc, (Scherer, 1998). As a result, handling of disturbances is no longer the responsibility of the shop floor operators only however it is a complex and combination of problems which involve management, design, maintenance, and operator functions in a company.

Theory

Theory is a set of interrelated variables, definitions and propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relationships among variables with the purpose of explaining natural phenomena (Hussey and Hussey, 1997). It is a combination of principles, a model and initial assumptions. It is often meet as an adversary in scientific work. A theoretical model, is an imagined mechanism or process, postulated by analogy with familiar mechanisms or processes and used to construct a theory to correlate a set of observations. It is the source of the analogy ‘the familiar system’ where ‘familiar’ means better understood rather than everyday. The model drawn from the familiar system suggests a theory. It also suggests possible relationships between some of the terms of the theory and some observation terms; these correlations linking theory and observation are called ‘rules of correspondence’. A theoretical model is used to generate a theory to explain the behaviour of an observable system. A theory, believed to be correct, may after a long time, be falsified or improved. A theory can only describe a natural phenomenon which does not necessarily follow from experimental observations (Benson, 1991) however it may have different kinds of origin.

Laws of Robotics:

Issac Asimov’s famous three laws of Robotics are first clearly stated in his 1942 story Run Around which was coded in some of his earlier work. Asimov later felt that his initial 3 laws were insufficient to protect society at large. Therefore he created a prequel, ‘Zeroth’ law in his 1985 book Robots and Empire to which the other laws are subordinate that has been stated as following:
First law: A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
Second law: A robot must obey orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the first law.
Third law: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with first and second law.
Zeroth: A robot may not injure humanity or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.

Human Factors

Human factors are criteria of good design include the effectiveness of work and the efficiency of a product. The human factors can greatly influence how individual, groups and organisations function. The processes and methods are the ‘how’ rather than the ‘what’. How something is done is at least as important to the outcome as what is done and the individual, groups and organisations function have important contributions of this kind. It plays a key role in determining the effectiveness with which an organisation uses technology and its ability to develop or adopt new technology in its products and processes. Some organisations have recognised human factors and are building on the strong base of academic and research work. It’s academic and research base lies in anatomy, physiology, experimental psychology and cognitive sciences.

Human factors do not represent an integrated or logical body of knowledge, however rather an area of interaction between a number of disciplinary perspectives. In USA ‘human factors’ is equivalent to ergonomics, however in Europe it has come to mean that part of ergonomics particularly concerned with human system interaction. Ergonomics, in the rules of the Ergonomics Society (1949) is defined as the study of the relation between people and their occupation, equipment and environment, particularly the application of anatomical, physiological and psychological knowledge to the problems arising therefrom.

There are several methods used in the process of human factors such as the current forms of computer based simulation like Schematic representations (e.g. IDEF0), Mathematical modelling (e.g. Queuing Theory), Discrete Event Simulation (DES) and System Dynamics (SD) to assure engineers as much about the system as they require to know. In other hand, the Health and Safety, ergonomics and sociotechnical literature, occupational psychology, social psychology, industrial psychology and some parts of economics are widely used to get detail information about the environment, human factors and behaviour.

Human factors are important as this is where most manufacturing accidents occur. Further, improving this portion of the human behaviour will be necessary for future manufacturing systems that will employ new technology. A combination of methods should be employed towards fully and properly understanding this system. We should not rely on one strategy (e.g., simulation, ergonomics, sociology, physiology, psychology and so on). We should also consider new methods for system analysis that provide a more comprehensive understanding of the system. Indeed, a multidisciplinary approach can generate new and fresh ideas for research. Taking a multidisciplinary approach is a motivation behind one of the contributions of this dissertation. That is, developing a methodology for work system analysis that treats the system and cognitive components as equally important and applicable to manufacturing system.

There has several factors been taken in account of human’s character and behaviour, and maintaining strong link between the knowledge base and practice, by promoting better procedures for coordinated function, and by the methods of spreading (esp. ideas) widely and best practice of those already experienced in organisation. In ACOST (1993) booklet it has been mentioned about the strategic objectives which have been taken account for in human factors and organisation design are:

• Extensive acknowledgment of the reality that people, technology and organisations from strongly interacting systems;
• Acknowledgment by senior management of the importance of human factors and organisational design to the performance of their organisation;
• Systematic application of existing knowledge in this field with organisations and making it an accepted part of procedure;
• Improved access and spread (esp. ideas) widely the knowledge of the researchers and practitioners;

Human behaviour:

This century has witnessed that the human performance in manufacturing system design in a way that was never imagined, even a few decades ago. Our civilization has migrated from a purely industrial society to global business age in which the movement of bits is as important to the economy as the manufacturing of goods.
The history of industry related development contains many interesting and useful pieces of information. It is also relevant at the present date when it comes to manufacturing system development and improvement. In the prospect of today’s development process, Most of the manufacturing organisations invest their money on computer based simulation to improve their manufacturing performance however the performance evaluation based on combination of human judgement, bargaining and analysis. Despite of all the developments in the different sectors such as social sciences and Information technology with in the company, it is still ill-equipped to understand the effects of the relationships between the people, environment and performance within the company.
People behave differently in differently situations. The main challenge on today’s organisation is to enhance human behaviour by taking account of human factors.

Emotion & Personality

Emotion & Personality effect the utility of alternative decisions in relationship:

One of the most important functions of emotions is to regulate our behaviour in social situations. The Ortony, Clore, and Collins (OCC) model uses four parameters involving how agents feel about one another, again dependent upon the type of emotion being generated. For each pair of agents (X, Y), the following are defined by the model:
1) The degree to which X likes Y;
2) The degree to which X dislikes Y;
3) The degree to which X has formed a cognitive unit with Y;
4) The degree to which X is familiar with Y.
Two additional parameters were added for implementation purposes, to be used in determining the intensities of standards-based and preference-based emotions, respectively:
1) The degree to which X views Y as an agent;
2) The degree to which X views Y as an object.

Literature based research.

The literature based research methods in the scientific management, manufacturing and social science research are heavily dependent on the knowledge of the researcher. This research is heavily dependent on people so that a social science that makes the studies based towards an approach to the behavioural studies. This type of studies is more qualitative nature than a quantitative. Qualitative research and methods have the distinguished feature of unknown possible solutions and results (Gunnarsson, 2002). Gunnarsson (2002) also states his view on qualitative approach advantage that the qualitative approach considers the entirety in a way not possible in quantitative research. On the other hand quantitative method approach gives an objective measurement of the probability of the truth of the result. Qualitative research methods often contain for example, interviews and observations and it is possible that the researcher has to change methods during the project during its implementation (Gunnarsson, 2002).

Literature based on phenomenological paradigm results from a qualitative approach. Phenomenological paradigm assumes that social reality is in our minds; a reaction to the positivistic paradigm. Therefore, the act of investigating reality has an effect on that reality and considerable regard is paid to the subjective state of the individual (Hussey and Hussey, 1997). Most of the research depends on the knowledge of researcher. Gunnarsson (1991) separates the researcher’s knowledge into understanding and preunderstanding. Preunderstanding represents the knowledge insight and experience before taking part in a research project. It also refers a certain attitude and a commitment on the part of researcher’s personal experience as an essential element in the process of collecting and analysing data. Gunnarsson (1991) also emphasizes that the researcher should have solid base of preunderstanding however not to be its slave. This concept refers that researcher, should have open attitude and if needed, should change the point of view and review the knowledge base that forms the preunderstanding and also aware of paradigm, selective perception and his/her defence mechanisms. Understanding represents to the knowledge which develops during the assignments and program. It is also depended on preunderstanding since the experience and involvement that leads to understanding. As stated earlier, it can make clear that researcher who achieves understanding becomes preunderstanding into the next phase of research project.

Preunderstanding and understanding are based on the experience of others which is gained for oneself through literature, discussion, involvement and other sources. Chalmers (1995) draws attention that observations are dependent upon the theoretical knowledge of the observer and therefore it is very important to have the correct theoretical background before conducting empirical research. Jorgensen (1992) states by combining a practical and theory based approach.

Theoretical research represents the development of new concepts depends upon scientific knowledge. These new results of knowledge can be used for practical diligence. These learning outcomes represent a higher intellectual level than understanding and diligence because it requires an understanding of both the content and structure. Jorgensen (1992) describes the process of research as an ongoing iterative process of analysis and synthesis in these areas.
Synthesis relates to the ability to bring different parts together to form a new whole. This may involve a set of abstract relations in human behaviour and performance. These learning outcomes in this range emphasis creative behaviour express precisely new patterns and structures. Gummesson (1991) refers five types of preunderstanding based on knowledge and personal characteristic which are necessary in order to fully understand process in organisation which are as follows:
Knowledge of theories;
Knowledge of techniques;
Knowledge of institutional conditions;
An understanding of social patterns;
Personal attributes;
Effective research is not disciplinary, interdisciplinary, or multidisciplinary; it is transdisciplinary (Ackoff, 1999). In the process of development of understanding to result in correct, a number of issues relevant to management science, physiology and scientific issues of more practical nature, related to the conducted research and discussed together with scientifically sound research have been taken into account and dealt with.

Analysis of important written material has been reviewed according to scientific systems called complete analysis described by Bjornsson et al (1994).
A complete analysis has been used to set up evidence and explanation constructing in read as well as written material however there are possible dangers of only managing theoretical studies. According to Gummesson, (1991) the researcher runs the risk of penetrating a vicious circle of academic research, where researchers quote each other without adding new, consistently tested material, which may lead to inaccurate results. Another risk is that it may miss a lot of facts or misunderstand facts because of lack of practical experience, risking the deduction of incorrect conclusions.

Human Performance:

The main work of this research is based on human performance, its improvement, measurement and strategy in manufacturing systems design. Manufacturing System is one of the challenging and complex operation composed of large area of interactions between people, materials, machines, information and environment in the process of wide variety of products. Manufacturing system design and redesign is the continuous process which depends on the necessity to respond of rapidly changing of consumers’ needs, desires, and tastes. Organisations are currently meeting unexpectedly to compete in this continuously changing demand by enabling their flexibility to respond rapidly to meet new demands. These rapidly changing of customers demand always pressurised the organisation to change in their manufacturing facilities, technologies, methods, people and the products that they produce for the market. The managers and engineers who can learn from observations of successful organisation and can find guidance in recognised principles of good manufacturing system design. They can relate this knowledge to their own organisation by using structured analysis and design methods.
The performance of people which is generally based on environment within which they work, however this research purpose is to make the results adaptable to focus on performance factors of the readers or users choices. This research also provides the means for achieving performance in manufacturing systems which can manage the changes together with achieve flexibility in other hand. The results should be relevant in many different circumstances.This dissertation has been divided into three parts: The development of manufacturing systems design method, Improvement of human performance and the further development of manufacturing systems design strategy.

The Idol God

The destruction of the Buddha statue at Afghanistan, the Babari Mosque at India in response three Hindu temples were destructed at India and many Hindu temples at Pakistan, the Ram temple in Babar’s period at India and so on make me to wondering that what is the origin of all this iconoclasm? I couldn’t figure out that what is the reason behind all those motives and spiritual thoughts? However I can define these motives in my own word that we could be in dark and worshipping and praying unreasonable blind faith. There is one more possibility by differentiating and one religion from another to show and market human being that this religion is better than another.
I born in Nepal and I grew up in idol God worshipping which are images and statues of Gods however an idol represent on the beholder believe. The word idol came from the Greek work eidos that include guide, wise, wisdom, guise, wit, view, visa, vision, advice, clairvoyance, idea, history and story. Every religion trying to find other religion’s wrong. Christian prostrate themselves in front of the images of crucified Jesus, Mary and other saints however when Hindus and Buddhists prostrate themselves in front of images of their gods images, statues or saints then they say that it is wrong. This makes confuse in distinction between their arguments. Muslims have taken one further step in their religion for images which are banned all of them. They are at least in harmony by rejecting all images. The definition of the word 'idol' from the American Heritage Dictionary on the web:
1. An image used as an object of worship, a false god

2. One that is adored, often blindly or excessively

3. Something visible but without substance
There is one crucial issue arise that those who abuse idol worshipping. Rajiv Srinivasan has stated his view behind idol and images worshipping in his word that those who worship idol are not under the belief that the idol or images are the fact God of choice. They are perfectly aware that it is only a representing of an idea so that they do not worship it however the idea behind it. They only use it as a means of concentrating their energies in prayer. He also stated that this distinction seems lost on the average iconoclast. Sometimes, desperate people, when their backs are to the wall facing defeat, death or disintegration, make a miraculous recovery. Examples are found among warriors, businessmen, athletes, people on their death bed, prisoners (McCain 1999), former addicts of one kind or another, etc.
It is fairly true that the image does not have any inherently meaning however we can imply to gain meaning through a process of transmutation. Rajiv Srinivasan again states his view that the image, through the ritual of consecration, gains something of the personality of the divine, which the image always had the potential to carry. This is the theory in Hinduism, because of Advaita Vedanta, Absolute Monism, whereby everything, every living and inanimate object, is suffused with the spirit of the one.
The idol is transmuted from its base material to a vehicle for the power of the deity, a point of focus for the energies of the worshipper. R. Srinivasan also put point that the transmutation of objects happens all the time. For example: Let us take a plain paper which has no special divinity associated with it. When it has been printed with certain text and word like Gita, Dharmapad, Bible, Koran and so on in the same paper then it becomes holy book. In this case the holy book is also an idol. Especially as it is believed to be the literal truth, the word of God, and that no word in it may be altered. This can fairly suggest that every religion worship idols who put their blind faith in an object (paper with print marks on it) that has no intrinsic divinity.
If somebody asks a Christian or a Muslim believer about the idol worshiping, they will give simple answer that it is obviously irrelevant and disgusting. Nobody will give a truly logical answer. They think so simply because their holy books say so God is supposed to have spoken the words in their books that is a final answer.
Let us take recent bloody riots in Pakistan and Afghanistan after the story, which appeared in Newsweek's May 9 edition, claimed that interrogators at the U.S. detention centre in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, flushed a Koran, the Islamic holy book, down the toilet. The news led to violent protests across the Muslim world, the deaths of 15 Afghans and the injuries of 100 others. Muslim scholars recently denied reports that leaders threatened a holy war against the United States if the alleged interrogator is not punished. Together with they have made sacred other object too. I always remember a few years ago there was news in Zee television (Indian Channel) that there was a religious riot in Bangalore because the municipal corporation knocked down a wall at a mosque. The wall had been built by encroaching on to public land. The very wall of the mosque had somehow acquired divinity!
At Somanath, Bamiyan, Benares, Goa, Semites tried to destroy Hinduism and Buddhism by destroying the physical manifestations of the ideas. Thus, in a bizarre way, they themselves have become crypto-idolaters, for they are the ones who pay attention to the material objects without careful attention to the abstract truths embodied in them which is blind hatred instead of blind faith however in principle the same thing (Rajiv Srinivasan, 2000).
Now, let us move our point in images god. Richard Davis who has explained about the images in three primary functions in his book “Lives of Indian Images” which is as follow:
"first, for the instruction of the unlettered, who might learn from them as if from books; second, so that the mystery of the Incarnation and the examples of the saints might remain more firmly in our memory by being daily represented to our eyes; and third, they excite the emotions, which are more effectively aroused by things seen than by things heard.".
The conclusion would be the image is not essential by itself however that it represent is important. Let us move on another point that more possibility by differentiating and one religion from another to show and market human being that their religion is better than another.
When we go market to buy shampoo, we can see different branded shampoo however one brand would be our main choice. In market, the shampoo vendor lies about the shampoo and its brand to create its market. Suppose, somebody switch brand. In the same way, I may be very loyal or swear by my religion and may even sincerely wish to change my religion to others because I have bought brand so that brand is very powerful force in marketing.
Similarly, we can take in Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia. When Buddhism arrived after Hinduism, it differentiates from the Hinduism in certain area in some dramatic way. The Sikh claim on the visible signs of their religion. It was done on purpose to ensure that Sikhs are differentiated from Hindus, Buddhist and Muslims immediately. Similarly, the Muslim insistence on beards, on distinctive clothing, etc are at least partly determined by the need to create an in-group/out-group dichotomy. In Christianity: Catholic and Protestant, in Muslim: Shaia and Sunni however let us take good historical example. In Egyptian religion serpent was an important deity when Christian trying to take place in that region. Christian declared that idols ipso facto were bad however the pre Christian people had already idols. In that situation Christian used very good tactic that truth by repeated assertion.
When Islam came in that region, they used another marketing differentiator: Look and observe in which they strictly prohibition on all images and whatever kind. This tactic certainly differentiates Islam from its main competitor which is Christianity because the latter allows for images. Thus the Islamic prohibition on all images can be seen as a sensible marketing tactic. Similarly, Marxist brought his idea which reject God and of course differentiates themselves than religion. They didn't rule out images in stead they also copied everything else that Christianity has. Their church, their schism, their protestants, their pope, their holy book, their prophets, their martyrs, their satan, their missionaries: namely, the Soviet Communist Party, the Russo-Chinese split, the Chinese Communist Party, Mao, Das Capital, Marx and Engels, Che Guevara, America, the CPI-M. The comparisons are striking. Obviously, this is also the prime reason that the Vatican collaborated strongly with the CIA to destroy the USSR: it was literally a new crusade for the glory of Christ's empire on earth (Srinivasan, 2000). For example, if a new religion comes along now, its supporters may try to differentiate themselves from Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Communism by adopting some new dogma and some new method of smearing themselves as the Chosen Ones.

God and Religion

Since few days, I am feeling whether I have lost something. I do not know what I lost or gain but I can definitely figure out that I am unstable. My daily routine has been changed. Everybody is worry about their lonely life and especially the person who used to live with family. In this situation either we share our pain to friends, who is close to us or some of them start praying god and wish. I did not do anything except reading articles, books and other materials about others thoughts and practices that how they explain in such situation. As a mature cultural person and student who had already spent all my youth studying in management and science, I prided myself on my objectivity. I might feel empathy toward a particular subject or situation, but as a scholar I tried to distance myself to observe and take note.
In Gita, Krishna has explained when human beings allow their mind to muse on objects of sense-enjoyments, an attraction for them is created. Attraction develops into craving and from craving follow causes for anger. Anger produces delusion. Delusion confuses the memory and understanding of things; from this confusion of understanding follows the disintegration of the power of discrimination; with discrimination gone, the human perishes. Krishna has also told that for a conscious being, to exist is to change, to change is to mature, to mature is to go on creating one’s self endlessly. In Buddhist philosophy it has been described that when the mind is disturbed, the multiplicity of things is produced, but when the mind is quieted, the multiplicity of things disappear. Fritjof Capra (1983) has stated his view in Eastern mystics, all things and events are perceived by senses are interrelated, connected, and are but different aspects or manifestations of the same ultimate reality. Our tendency to divide the perceived world into individual and separate things and to experience ourselves as isolated egos in this world is seen as an illusion which comes from measuring and categorizing mentality. However I tried to expose myself as a mature and educated person who can analyse other thoughts and can find out what is wrong and right to convince myself. Edward Thorndike (1910) the father of American educational psychology has stated his view in terms of education that the aim of education is …….…changing (the student) for the better …..….to produce in him the information, powers, habits, interests, ideas which are desirable. Intelligence has neither distinct grades no is it constituted by faculties that are truly independent but its highest manifestations are effects of a complication that has arisen by insensible steps out of the simplest elements. At last, I decided to write it down so it will help me in future that I had gone through this situation as well. In the beginning, I was simply thinking that I an entity who came to play as role in this earth. I tried to flow my mind to find out; how spiritual insights come on own, without any effort, emerging from the depth of consciousness. Consciousness seems proportionate to the living beings power of choice. It lights up the zone of potentialities that surrounds the act. It fills the internal between of what is done and what might be done. Sprit means breath, minds means a measure and thinking points to a thing, nevertheless these are cross media through which soul must be expressed. It made to think analytical, give logic and reason and pour out my impressions however in a diary to remember in future for reference purpose.

Continue..................................

God and Religion

Herbert Spenser has stated his view that students should be led to make their own investigations, and to draw their own inferences. They should be told as little as possible, and induced to discover as much as possible. The evolution of science was discrete and distinct from religion. Nobody dared to bridge them. The science god faces off often turned out into futile and dangerous attempts. Shreenivas Kasturi (2000) has explained his view that nobody troubles to think of the better ones, because then the credibility of the theory is lost. Such cases are the black sheep to an otherwise impeccable theory. So you don't find exceptions to the theory from the normal and various perspectives. It's when you start looking at the overall statistics of failures and successes that you start to believe that the true God is chance. By following this stated view, my main purpose of analysis writing is to find out who am I? If I am a simple human beings then why I am different than other human beings because I don’t follow how they ask me to do? I born free but my parents, teacher, relatives and friends gave me their culture and thoughts which I adapted whether it is good or bad? However, the question will also arise that if we stop believe in god what will happen to this real world? How far this theory and logic justified if we stop believing it? How far is the theory justified if we stop believing it? The moment we stop believing in god the whole world will be in chaos, the up to now well framed structure will collapse and it will be complicated and mess, morals gone disorganised. The system will terminate, end of the world, period. We do not want ourselves to go around doing sins, screaming indecent at god and remarking at others who dare to question us. We need to be controlled, we need to be in fear of someone, to be conscious of our errors and their outcomes, because our race is not developed enough to control our mind.
In Gita it has also stated that as long as our view of the world is fragmented, as long as these are under the spell of Maya and think that we are bond of Karma means to realise the unity and harmony of all nature, including ourselves, and to act accordingly. To free from the spell of Maya, to break the bonds of Karma to realise that all the phenomena we perceive with our senses are part of the senses of the same reality. It means to experience, concretely and personally, that everything, including our own self, is Brahman. This experience is called Moksha or liberation in Hindu philosophy.

God and Religion

I was searching of my mind and language for a name for the formless and unsurpassable. I was born and raised in Nepal and Nepali is my native language. Ultimately, I settled on the only name I could find that satisfied my heart and mind: the word, Ishwor (God), the name my precious mother spoke to me about when I was a boy. If I had been born and raised in a Christian culture, the name I would have chosen would have been Jesus Christ; If born and raised in a Muslim culture, the name would have been Allah; etc. As humans, we are limited to viewing the world from our own perspective based on experiences, knowledge, language, etc. When we don't actually know how to describe something that we don't fully understand (nature being an example), we express an idea and thought in terms that are familiar to us. The danger comes in an individual's interpretation of the word. For example, the word aggressive may have either a negative connotation (pushy, overbearing) or a positive connotation (powerful, ambitious). Second, with regard to common sense, instinct, and intuition, I do not believe that science should be used in an attempt to explain how these "skills" are applied by people in understanding something.
We human beings are separated in colour, religion, race, nationality, caste, different thoughts and etc. As far I am aware, we have been separated ourselves in theists and agnostics in our daily life. The religions ask every individual to surrender himself/herself to the God. There are so many people have surrendered themselves to the god and the result is war and hate between each other. Today, everybody is trying to prove that they are the best race, colour, religion, nationality, caste and so on. Humans experience the world in their own ways. We all have different experiences and unique backgrounds in our life. Every experience in life shapes our mind in a unique way preunderstanding and knowledge. Knowledge is a biological phenomenon. Through their internal processes, each human engages in a creative relationship with the external world, bringing forth a myriad of different models. Anyway, I am not going to argue and involve in any debate. My objectives are simple that I want to learn and know others experiences about God and religion. I don’t have any motive to offend anybody so if anybody does not like this article, I want to request them, please, simply ignore it.
I know that I cannot answer everything through scientific reasoning. It is true that it is acute sense of limits of human intellect, the limits of understanding depends on an individual, not in science itself that differentiates agnostics from theists. The interest between our current knowledge and understanding of universe is enormous, in other word probably infinite.
One of the Hindu’s Vedic scholar Swami Vivekananda (1893) has stated his views in terms of religion and god in his word:
"...if there is ever to be a universal religion, it must be one which will have no location in place or time; which will be infinite like the God it will preach, and whose sun will shine upon the followers of Krishna and of Christ, on saints and sinners alike; which will not be Brahminic or Buddhistic, Christian or Mohammedan, but the sum total of all these, and still have infinite space for development ..."
James W. Dow (2004) has stated his view in terms of religion is involved in adaptation, and all measures show that it promotes well being of human. Desire and hunger are part of religion. Probably the largest source of religious symbols is food. Food is a primary survival need for any organism. Food symbolism in religion needs to be studied, because perhaps the trophic obligation involved in religion surfaces in cultural symbolism in this way.

Religion and God

When describing reality, we must be careful not to weave in our own wishful views. For example, history does not have any purpose, as Hegel's metaphysics claimed it has. However, the purpose of studying history is to predict the future. The following two extreme worldviews painted so far by the organised religions, morality, culture, and metaphysics which are collections of linguistic and other kinds of logical fallacies. The Pythagorean view of the world was to study the world as an external entity. This gave rise to the Western scientific and analytical tradition. However, the mysticism view of Eastern world, as expressed, e.g., by I Ching (i.e., Book of Changes), is based on the attitude that man is inseparable from the world. The following figure depicts these two extreme views of the world:

In economic point of view, we cannot get developed just worshipping god and doing what has written in holy books. Most of the religion and cultures, people say that it was god’s wish so that it happened. If God wish for tsunami in which millions of people have lost and separated with their love ones. How a God can do if he creates? It is better to prevent than blame God. One of the economist has said that if you don’t have anything to do then go and dig your field whole day and fill it back at night. This statement trying to explain that we have to work for development, not just praying God to be developed. However in Gita as well, Krishna has told to Arjuna to engage yourself in proper activities. Action is better than non-action. Without work, even the bare substance of life is not possible.
If we assume that God has created us and this universe then who has created God? We also know that something cannot come from nothing. If there would be answer nothing then we are accepting that something can come nothing. Then it would true that we and the universe came from nothing. However some of the Atheism say that God gave Human free will, without it, we couldn’t love or do anything virtuous. Without free will we would be non-rational automatons. While God can and does intervene in the universe, if He intervened to stop all evil doing and natural disasters we would be effectively like helpless infants. And if God constantly intervened against nature’s laws, there would be no pattern by which man could discover how the world works. There would not be science, no pre-dictabilty of nature to rely on. The universe would be irrational. But if these laws originate in the mind of God, we are brought back to the question of God is own origins, which theists do not account for. Whereas neither side of the debate can solve the problem of first cause, what are we to believe?
The phenomena as human consciousness and sensation (including the sensation of free will) were used as evidence for the existence of a God because these things cannot be explained by scientists. But this amounts to taking anything that is beyond our present comprehension as evidence of a complex, creator of the universe. Such reasoning renders the human intellect powerless to investigate the unknown. Imagine if past declare that God causes such things as fire, thunder, rain, and biodiversity were left unchallenged in similar fashion. The world would be a simple place.
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God and Religion

Arlen Wolpert has described in his article “General theory of Religion” in mathematically that Knots in Heart, Heart Openness, and the three memories in the cognitive mechanism are called state variables. In system dynamics they are called stocks. Forgiveness Response, Heart Unfoldment Rate, Primary Information Processing Rate, and Background Information Processing Rate are examples of rates. They act like either the bathtub's inlet faucets or outlet drains. The arrows indicate causation. For example, the arrows coming from Prayer Trueness and Prayer Intensity and pointing at Prayer Quality indicate that the first two variables determine the value of Prayer Quality at any time. Specifically, the mathematical model gives the following definition of Prayer Quality:
Prayer Quality = 0.5*(Prayer Trueness + Prayer Intensity)
When Prayer Quality reaches 100%, which is the "forgiveness threshold", the Forgiveness Response is triggered and one Knot in Heart is removed in a ratchet-like fashion. Action then shifts to the negative feedback loop associated with Heart Openness: The removal of this one knot unseals the restricted and rigid or tight heart a bit, causing Psychic Stress to decrease rapidly, which then causes the Heart Unfoldment Rate valve to open. This causes Heart Openness to fill or open further, causing Psychic Stress to rise again as the heart begins to encounter the next knot. As a result Fear Death Due To Knot, and then Prayer Intensity and Willful Attention, begin to rise again. The rise in fear and the attention leads to a shift in loop dominance: Action shifts to the cognitive mechanism, which is essentially a negative feedback loop concerned with problem solving (Ellis 1995). The fear and attention driven Primary Information Processing Rate in the cognitive mechanism speeds up, leading to an increase in Knot Origin Insight. This increasing insight is concerned with the solution to the following problem: What is the particular sin, guilt, or hatred that is at the origin of the knot? The gradual solution to this problem and its gradual acceptance lead to greater Prayer Trueness and then greater Prayer Quality until the latter reaches the "forgiveness threshold," triggering the Forgiveness Response again. Then, the next knot cycle begins.
God was a central part of Aristotle's vision of ethics because to him proper morality was considered divine and highly prized. Aristotle reasoned the "best" things are described as blessed and happy because this was the status of God and the most god-like men. Animals cannot attain in this status however humans only can achieve that status if they properly develop their souls.
Aristotle felt that happiness was not a state of feeling, enjoyment or pleasure; however rather it was the definition of that which is the most desirable and satisfying of life. Aristotle did not believe that God provided us with such a life but rather we had to earn it as a result of our good actions. Our good actions were the result of our acquired virtues we developed though learning, training, and cultivation of proper habits. If this were done, he believed we had acquired the most god-like blessed prize that humans can achieve in the world. To Aristotle, study and care rather than chance is how virtue, which was the greatest and most noble accomplishment of all, is won.

Religion Vs Reality

RELIGION	REALITY
God first	People first
Fits people to environment	Fits environment to people
One person's vision	Everyone's vision
Moves perceptions	Moves things
Causes culture	Causes progress
Born into a prison that you cannot smell or taste or touch. A prison for your mind."	Like coming out of Matrix "Welcome to the real world!"
Kills people for breaking discipline or forbidden quests	Rewards people for it and calls it creativity and exploration
Believes in punishment	Believes in opportunity
Believes in afterlife	Believes in present life
Tells what to do to live	Tells what not to do to live
If you don't perform you are accepted, if you behave well you are accepted	If you perform you are a celebrity, if you don't perform you are accepted
Disagreement eliminated by eliminating the odd one(s)	Disagreements accepted, negotiated for common ground.