Globalisation stress the economic engine driving the process that has taken the global economy “from a collection of closed national market (to) an integrated global market” (King 1999). The process of development of globalisation which has been under way since navigators of 15th and 16th centuries first began to open up the globe through exploration (Henderson 2001).
In the context of globalisation, the globally operated organisation’s goal is to develop an information system that allows Corporate, public sector and household activities to be accomplished in global network space. The general idea of an “information economy” includes both notions of industries primarily producing, processing, and distributing information, as well as the idea that every industry is using available information technology to reorganise and make themselves more productive. The main components of this sector are the publishing industries, including software publishing, the motion picture and sound recording industries, and the services and data processing industries. These activities included in this sector cut across traditionally defined areas in the economy, such as manufacturing, telecommunications, motion pictures production and some services areas.
Globalisation and Infor
mation systems:
Terms like “globalisation”, “information system”, and “global information economy” are increasingly becoming part of the everyday vocabulary in the academic and the popular press. They are used to describe the context within which social life is structured in the present times.
The use of information system in organisations provide an interesting arena in which the “new” interacts with “old” since IS enables new ways of doing old things and also facilitates the introduction of new kinds of social practices within a particular context. Kling and Zmuidzinas variation the differences in ideologies about the nature of work in particular organisations and workplace vasions. Differences also arise out of variations in history, access to technology, social structure, organisational forms, and structure of existing work arrangements and individual characteristics that exist in specific social contexts.
India is an interesting example of country currently experiencing a variety of forces that arise out of globalisation pressures for change on one hand, and on the other hand the country’s strong and deep rooted tradition and culture, which favour stability. In recent times, India has been a significant interest globally for a variety of reasons including recent policies of economic liberalisation, the expanding middle class and markets, availability of highly skilled and cheap manpower, and existing reserve of natural resources. In waiting of respond and encourage these interests, India too has taken a number of initives to project itself as an active player in the global arena. A recent example of this was the setting up of a task force by the Prime minister to draft a national IT strategy with the objective of making the country a “global IT Superpower” and enable Indian software developers to establish “global dominance in short time” (Hindustan Times, May 20, 1998). To emphasise this global IT intent, the Prime minister set up a global vision group comparison of internationally famous personalities like Bill Gates, Alvin Toffer and Nicholas Negroponte to help guide the implementation of task force recommendation (Times of India, July 30, 1998). Despite such on going and global pressure for change, example from various walks of Indian Ethical, Political and Social life suggest that bringing about this change is difficult, and is grounded in deep contradictions between these forces of changes and those that favour of stability.
Ethical, Social and Political issues are closely related to each other in the context of global information technology which cut across various level of action of individual, social and political.
The moral dimensions of the information age:
According to David O. Masona and Carr P.Collins propose their view in the context of ethical issues, are many and varied, however it is helpful to focus on just four which may be summarised by means of an acronym: PAPA.
Privacy: What information about one’s self-associations must a person reveal to others, under what conditions and with what safeguard? What things can people keep to themselves and not be forced to reveal to others?
Accuracy: What responsibility for authenticity, fidelity and accuracy of information? Similarly, who is to behold accountable for errors in information and how is the injured party to be made whole?
Property: Who owns information? What are just and fair prices for it exchange? Who owns the channels, especially the airways, through which information is transmitted? How should access to these score resources be allocated?
Accessibility: What information does a person or an organisation has a right or privilege to obtain, under what conditions and with what safeguards?
In the same way Ludan and Ludan have described the information age in the context of ethical, social, and political issues, are very closely connected with each other which can cut across various levels of actions of individual, social and political. These three issues identify five moral dimensions of information age that I will focus on this essay.
Ethics is a branch of philosophy that makes moral judgement considers issues of rights and wrong; a “set of principles of rights and wrong used by individuals as free agents to guide behaviour and conduct.”(Chao et al 1995), which are developed by and reflect the value of particular culture at particular time (Mazuri 2000). All culture has a set of ethical values or rules concerning what are morally right and wrong. Some ethical concerns have been resolved in the form of new amended laws. Some will be addressed by future legislation. Many professional groups have adapted ethical codes. The emergence of the information systems professional spurred the major organisations of computer professionals to draft their own codes. However, not all IS professional are bound by the same set of rules. The reason is simple: the law does not require certification of computer professionals. Certification is voluntary at most. Many IS professional does not belong to any organisation. Those organisations that have established ethical codes have failed to collaborate and formulate one set of globally accepted rules. Physicians, layers and engineers have moral responsibilities and know to whom they are responsible. Professionals in information systems field need similar guidance. Developed countries professional organisation like US’s DPMA, ICCP, ACM, and Canada’s CIPS and British’s BCS code of ethics have some similarity and differences. This is the prime time to propose to resolve the differences and adapt a single coherent international code of ethics and establish a “Hippocratic oaths” for information systems community.
INFORMATION RIGHTS: Privacy & Freedom
Privacy has different uses in different situation. According to Ludon and Ludon, it is the claim of individual to be left alone, free from surveillance or interference from other individuals or organisations including the state. The considerable culture variation can be expected is the area of privacy. The basic concepts of concerning privacy would likely be widely acceptable across cultures, variability would be expected in detail of ethical codes. Privacy protects some freedoms and restricts others. It protects an individual’s freedom to be alone, to do things without others intruding, and to control what others know about him or her. The issue of privacy includes areas of personal data, hacking and surveillance.
Personal data: There are really so many issues that arise with the personal data in information systems. The first thing individual should know what sort of data is going to be store about him or her and what is going to be done with it. The Privacy Act of 1974 has the following provisions that apply to federal agencies:
Individual have the right to know what records are collected, maintained, used
or disseminated by federal agencies.
Individual have a right to prevent records collected for one purpose from being used for another purpose without consent.
Individuals may access and correct records concerning themselves.
Individual may collect, maintain, use, or disseminate the records of personal information to ensure the information is accurate and being used lawfully.
Exemptions are permitted when statuary authorities specify important public needs.
Hacking: Hacking is morally wrong and ought to be condemned. A hacker is a person who enjoys computer technology and spends time learning and using computer systems. A cracker or criminal hacker has the same basic attributes but his/her talents to gain unauthorised or illegal access to computer system. Sometimes it is done for fun and other times for profit. Criminal hackers may steal passwords, access or destroy valuable information, steal money or credit card information and use access time. Internet piracy is defined as illegal gaining access to the Internet. To obtain access, users call Internet service providers and utilise wrongfully obtained passwords and account names. Internet piracy can be controlled through the use of caller ID phone services, frequently uptodates of passwords, and education virus is a program that attaches itself to other programs which will often destroy software or data, interrupt processing, or exact damage on computing applications. Software piracy is the illegal use, copying or distribution of software. Duplicating software is very easy; the chance of being caught or prosecuted is very small.
Surveillance: It is morally right that employers can watch that whether their employees are working satisfactorily or not. The right to privacy at work is also an important issue for the information age. Sometime worker may find that they are being closely monitored via computer technology. These computer monitoring system tie directly into computerised workstations; specialised computer program can keep track of every keystroke made by user. Most organisations maintain privacy policies, evens through they are not required by law. However some companies even have a privacy bill of rights that specifies how the privacy of employees, clients and customers is to be protected.
Ethical issues:
In the context of privacy in information age it may arise the question that under what condition an individual can use the privacy of others? At present, credit bureau must provide reports to individuals in order allow people the opportunity to rectify incorrect information. But other kinds of databases are not held to similar standards. This problem has not yet been resolved and it is becoming increasingly troubling as more and more data on private citizens is collected and stored on computers. The possibility of inaccuracies has always existed with paper documentation, but as information is distributed, and redistributed, and stored in ever greater quantities, the ability of individuals to know who may be holding and distributing incorrect data on them becomes more complex and ethical issue.
Social issues:
In the context of globalisation, the globally operated organisation’s goal is to develop an information system that allows Corporate, public sector and household activities to be accomplished in global network space. The general idea of an “information economy” includes both notions of industries primarily producing, processing, and distributing information, as well as the idea that every industry is using available information technology to reorganise and make themselves more productive. The main components of this sector are the publishing industries, including software publishing, the motion picture and sound recording industries, and the services and data processing industries. These activities included in this sector cut across traditionally defined areas in the economy, such as manufacturing, telecommunications, motion pictures production and some services areas.
Globalisation and Infor
mation systems:Terms like “globalisation”, “information system”, and “global information economy” are increasingly becoming part of the everyday vocabulary in the academic and the popular press. They are used to describe the context within which social life is structured in the present times.
The use of information system in organisations provide an interesting arena in which the “new” interacts with “old” since IS enables new ways of doing old things and also facilitates the introduction of new kinds of social practices within a particular context. Kling and Zmuidzinas variation the differences in ideologies about the nature of work in particular organisations and workplace vasions. Differences also arise out of variations in history, access to technology, social structure, organisational forms, and structure of existing work arrangements and individual characteristics that exist in specific social contexts.
India is an interesting example of country currently experiencing a variety of forces that arise out of globalisation pressures for change on one hand, and on the other hand the country’s strong and deep rooted tradition and culture, which favour stability. In recent times, India has been a significant interest globally for a variety of reasons including recent policies of economic liberalisation, the expanding middle class and markets, availability of highly skilled and cheap manpower, and existing reserve of natural resources. In waiting of respond and encourage these interests, India too has taken a number of initives to project itself as an active player in the global arena. A recent example of this was the setting up of a task force by the Prime minister to draft a national IT strategy with the objective of making the country a “global IT Superpower” and enable Indian software developers to establish “global dominance in short time” (Hindustan Times, May 20, 1998). To emphasise this global IT intent, the Prime minister set up a global vision group comparison of internationally famous personalities like Bill Gates, Alvin Toffer and Nicholas Negroponte to help guide the implementation of task force recommendation (Times of India, July 30, 1998). Despite such on going and global pressure for change, example from various walks of Indian Ethical, Political and Social life suggest that bringing about this change is difficult, and is grounded in deep contradictions between these forces of changes and those that favour of stability.
Ethical, Social and Political issues are closely related to each other in the context of global information technology which cut across various level of action of individual, social and political.
The moral dimensions of the information age:
According to David O. Masona and Carr P.Collins propose their view in the context of ethical issues, are many and varied, however it is helpful to focus on just four which may be summarised by means of an acronym: PAPA.
Privacy: What information about one’s self-associations must a person reveal to others, under what conditions and with what safeguard? What things can people keep to themselves and not be forced to reveal to others?
Accuracy: What responsibility for authenticity, fidelity and accuracy of information? Similarly, who is to behold accountable for errors in information and how is the injured party to be made whole?
Property: Who owns information? What are just and fair prices for it exchange? Who owns the channels, especially the airways, through which information is transmitted? How should access to these score resources be allocated?
Accessibility: What information does a person or an organisation has a right or privilege to obtain, under what conditions and with what safeguards?
In the same way Ludan and Ludan have described the information age in the context of ethical, social, and political issues, are very closely connected with each other which can cut across various levels of actions of individual, social and political. These three issues identify five moral dimensions of information age that I will focus on this essay.
Ethics is a branch of philosophy that makes moral judgement considers issues of rights and wrong; a “set of principles of rights and wrong used by individuals as free agents to guide behaviour and conduct.”(Chao et al 1995), which are developed by and reflect the value of particular culture at particular time (Mazuri 2000). All culture has a set of ethical values or rules concerning what are morally right and wrong. Some ethical concerns have been resolved in the form of new amended laws. Some will be addressed by future legislation. Many professional groups have adapted ethical codes. The emergence of the information systems professional spurred the major organisations of computer professionals to draft their own codes. However, not all IS professional are bound by the same set of rules. The reason is simple: the law does not require certification of computer professionals. Certification is voluntary at most. Many IS professional does not belong to any organisation. Those organisations that have established ethical codes have failed to collaborate and formulate one set of globally accepted rules. Physicians, layers and engineers have moral responsibilities and know to whom they are responsible. Professionals in information systems field need similar guidance. Developed countries professional organisation like US’s DPMA, ICCP, ACM, and Canada’s CIPS and British’s BCS code of ethics have some similarity and differences. This is the prime time to propose to resolve the differences and adapt a single coherent international code of ethics and establish a “Hippocratic oaths” for information systems community.
INFORMATION RIGHTS: Privacy & Freedom
Privacy has different uses in different situation. According to Ludon and Ludon, it is the claim of individual to be left alone, free from surveillance or interference from other individuals or organisations including the state. The considerable culture variation can be expected is the area of privacy. The basic concepts of concerning privacy would likely be widely acceptable across cultures, variability would be expected in detail of ethical codes. Privacy protects some freedoms and restricts others. It protects an individual’s freedom to be alone, to do things without others intruding, and to control what others know about him or her. The issue of privacy includes areas of personal data, hacking and surveillance.
Personal data: There are really so many issues that arise with the personal data in information systems. The first thing individual should know what sort of data is going to be store about him or her and what is going to be done with it. The Privacy Act of 1974 has the following provisions that apply to federal agencies:
Individual have the right to know what records are collected, maintained, used
or disseminated by federal agencies.
Individual have a right to prevent records collected for one purpose from being used for another purpose without consent.
Individuals may access and correct records concerning themselves.
Individual may collect, maintain, use, or disseminate the records of personal information to ensure the information is accurate and being used lawfully.
Exemptions are permitted when statuary authorities specify important public needs.
Hacking: Hacking is morally wrong and ought to be condemned. A hacker is a person who enjoys computer technology and spends time learning and using computer systems. A cracker or criminal hacker has the same basic attributes but his/her talents to gain unauthorised or illegal access to computer system. Sometimes it is done for fun and other times for profit. Criminal hackers may steal passwords, access or destroy valuable information, steal money or credit card information and use access time. Internet piracy is defined as illegal gaining access to the Internet. To obtain access, users call Internet service providers and utilise wrongfully obtained passwords and account names. Internet piracy can be controlled through the use of caller ID phone services, frequently uptodates of passwords, and education virus is a program that attaches itself to other programs which will often destroy software or data, interrupt processing, or exact damage on computing applications. Software piracy is the illegal use, copying or distribution of software. Duplicating software is very easy; the chance of being caught or prosecuted is very small.
Surveillance: It is morally right that employers can watch that whether their employees are working satisfactorily or not. The right to privacy at work is also an important issue for the information age. Sometime worker may find that they are being closely monitored via computer technology. These computer monitoring system tie directly into computerised workstations; specialised computer program can keep track of every keystroke made by user. Most organisations maintain privacy policies, evens through they are not required by law. However some companies even have a privacy bill of rights that specifies how the privacy of employees, clients and customers is to be protected.
Ethical issues:
In the context of privacy in information age it may arise the question that under what condition an individual can use the privacy of others? At present, credit bureau must provide reports to individuals in order allow people the opportunity to rectify incorrect information. But other kinds of databases are not held to similar standards. This problem has not yet been resolved and it is becoming increasingly troubling as more and more data on private citizens is collected and stored on computers. The possibility of inaccuracies has always existed with paper documentation, but as information is distributed, and redistributed, and stored in ever greater quantities, the ability of individuals to know who may be holding and distributing incorrect data on them becomes more complex and ethical issue.
Social issues:
The issues in the social context of privacy could be aroused when a society encourage people to develop expectation of privacy while using electronic mail, cellular phones, bulletin boards, the postal system the workplace, the street. Geographic information system databases hold all kind of geographic information relevant to specific individuals. They may include tax and land records, property title, data on construction or occupancy permits, data on residency or on water use. Sometimes that data might be incorrect and so may cause economic or social harm.
Political issues:
Political issues:
The issues in privacy in context of political issues are Encryption codes, which are used to translate data into code that cannot be read without a key, are restricted. The U.S. government claims that such codes must be controlled for reasons of national security. Encryption codes are treated as munitions under export permission from the Department of State. This policy draws vociferous criticism from people who claim that the government in unfairly attempting to control access to and privacy of communication.
PROPERTY RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS:
Intellectual property: The concept of moral rights to the access to intellectual property is at present very poorly developed in the legal systems in the United States-interestingly these concept are “far more developed “ in continental Europe (Lipinski & britz 1999). Culture will generally agree that stealing is wrong, but “may not view reproducing software without permission as stealing” (Lipinski & Britz 1999). The legal opinions issued in recent decades by international bodies tend to reflect the values of and support the interests of the industrialised western nations. This is particularly true in the areas of copyrights and intellectual property. The universal declaration of Human Rights says in Article 27(2), “Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific literary or artistic production of which he is the author” (1993:141).
Trade Secrets: According to Ludon and Ludon, it as an illectual work product- a formula, device, pattern, or compilation of data- used for a business purpose can be classified as trade secret. It has different rules of protection of each different state. In this context software which contains novel and unique elements, procedures or compilations must have to take care by the owner and creator.
Copyright: Copyrights were created to protect the commercial value of creative work. Unlikely other countries, the U.S. do not allow public information, information created and held by the government, to be copyrighted. The government is also required to allow access to its information. In Great Britain, in contrast, the government is able to sell information and thereby recover the costs of creating and maintaining it. In the U.S., the government’s lack of control has positive as well as negative consequences.
Ethical issues:
The ethical issues arise to individual concerning about copying and duplicating of software. An individual should have to think that is it morally right to copying or duplicating a piece of software which is protected by trade secret, copyright or patent laws for his/her own use? If every individual start copying or duplicating the software, computer industry journals and newsletters, the writer or creator will not get any benefit of his/her work.
Social issues:
The copying and duplicating software, computer industry journals and newsletters have threatened significantly to reduce the speed of new technologies productivity and social well being.
Political Issues:
The main political issues concern with government or professional organisation law and regulation, the creation of new property performance measures to protect investment made by creators of new software (Ludon & Ludon).
Intellectual property: The concept of moral rights to the access to intellectual property is at present very poorly developed in the legal systems in the United States-interestingly these concept are “far more developed “ in continental Europe (Lipinski & britz 1999). Culture will generally agree that stealing is wrong, but “may not view reproducing software without permission as stealing” (Lipinski & Britz 1999). The legal opinions issued in recent decades by international bodies tend to reflect the values of and support the interests of the industrialised western nations. This is particularly true in the areas of copyrights and intellectual property. The universal declaration of Human Rights says in Article 27(2), “Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific literary or artistic production of which he is the author” (1993:141).
Trade Secrets: According to Ludon and Ludon, it as an illectual work product- a formula, device, pattern, or compilation of data- used for a business purpose can be classified as trade secret. It has different rules of protection of each different state. In this context software which contains novel and unique elements, procedures or compilations must have to take care by the owner and creator.
Copyright: Copyrights were created to protect the commercial value of creative work. Unlikely other countries, the U.S. do not allow public information, information created and held by the government, to be copyrighted. The government is also required to allow access to its information. In Great Britain, in contrast, the government is able to sell information and thereby recover the costs of creating and maintaining it. In the U.S., the government’s lack of control has positive as well as negative consequences.
Ethical issues:
The ethical issues arise to individual concerning about copying and duplicating of software. An individual should have to think that is it morally right to copying or duplicating a piece of software which is protected by trade secret, copyright or patent laws for his/her own use? If every individual start copying or duplicating the software, computer industry journals and newsletters, the writer or creator will not get any benefit of his/her work.
Social issues:
The copying and duplicating software, computer industry journals and newsletters have threatened significantly to reduce the speed of new technologies productivity and social well being.
Political Issues:
The main political issues concern with government or professional organisation law and regulation, the creation of new property performance measures to protect investment made by creators of new software (Ludon & Ludon).
ACCOUNTABILITY, LIBILITY AND CONTROL:
Accountability is depending on the liability law and social practices for holding individual and social institution. Professionals have become aware that they may be held legally accountable. For the accuracy and reliability of the information stored in their databases, sold or issued to the public. If harm is caused or loss, those charges may be held accountable, in that case not only for a simple mistake, but also for the manner in which decisions were reached. Finally, data providers may be held accountable if the information they distribute leads to damage or loss even if that information was used for purposes for which it was never intended.
Ethical issues:
The ethical issues will rise when the new technology comes to market. In that cases the creator, seller and developer ready to take the liability if it harm to individual life? If so, then who is morally responsible for consequence of use- the developer, creator or seller? Private suppliers of data have always been liable for harm resulting from the information they distribute. Digital systems however are leading these providers into situations that expose them to new liabilities. Suppliers find difficult to anticipate risks associated with new uses of data. (Margaret and Kenneth E. Foote, 1995).
Social Issue:
The social issues will rise when the service provider is liable for development of new system, which will affect in socially, individually or politically. For example, In Aetna Casualty and Surety Co. vs. Jeppesson and co. the court found that an aeronautical chart published by Jeppeson and co. had misled the flight crew in a fatal plane crash. The chart in question mapped out the instrument approach to an airfield using correct data from the Federal Aviation Agency, but in a way that obscured simple and fatal error. Two views from the side and from above were drawn. The two charts were depicted together so that they appeared to be in the same scale, but in fact they were drawn in different scales. The company was found liable. (Margaret and Kenneth E. Foote, 1995).
Political issues:
The political issues rise when government agencies have caused harm to individuals through errors or neglect, They may not always be sued or assessed for damages. The doctrine of sovereign immunity applied in the U.S. allows people to seek claims against the government itself agrees to be sued. However, most states have limited or abolished this doctrine so that governments at state and local levels may held accountable for their actions. This does not mean that individuals will be able to sue government agencies in all instances. More over, government agencies often cannot be held responsible for errors in public records that they are forced to provide under Open Records and freedom of Information rules. If they were held accountable, many believe, public agencies would be overwhelmed by litigation based on data they could not restrict or control. (M. & Kenneth E. Foote, 1995).
Accountability is depending on the liability law and social practices for holding individual and social institution. Professionals have become aware that they may be held legally accountable. For the accuracy and reliability of the information stored in their databases, sold or issued to the public. If harm is caused or loss, those charges may be held accountable, in that case not only for a simple mistake, but also for the manner in which decisions were reached. Finally, data providers may be held accountable if the information they distribute leads to damage or loss even if that information was used for purposes for which it was never intended.
Ethical issues:
The ethical issues will rise when the new technology comes to market. In that cases the creator, seller and developer ready to take the liability if it harm to individual life? If so, then who is morally responsible for consequence of use- the developer, creator or seller? Private suppliers of data have always been liable for harm resulting from the information they distribute. Digital systems however are leading these providers into situations that expose them to new liabilities. Suppliers find difficult to anticipate risks associated with new uses of data. (Margaret and Kenneth E. Foote, 1995).
Social Issue:
The social issues will rise when the service provider is liable for development of new system, which will affect in socially, individually or politically. For example, In Aetna Casualty and Surety Co. vs. Jeppesson and co. the court found that an aeronautical chart published by Jeppeson and co. had misled the flight crew in a fatal plane crash. The chart in question mapped out the instrument approach to an airfield using correct data from the Federal Aviation Agency, but in a way that obscured simple and fatal error. Two views from the side and from above were drawn. The two charts were depicted together so that they appeared to be in the same scale, but in fact they were drawn in different scales. The company was found liable. (Margaret and Kenneth E. Foote, 1995).
Political issues:
The political issues rise when government agencies have caused harm to individuals through errors or neglect, They may not always be sued or assessed for damages. The doctrine of sovereign immunity applied in the U.S. allows people to seek claims against the government itself agrees to be sued. However, most states have limited or abolished this doctrine so that governments at state and local levels may held accountable for their actions. This does not mean that individuals will be able to sue government agencies in all instances. More over, government agencies often cannot be held responsible for errors in public records that they are forced to provide under Open Records and freedom of Information rules. If they were held accountable, many believe, public agencies would be overwhelmed by litigation based on data they could not restrict or control. (M. & Kenneth E. Foote, 1995).
SYSTEM QUALITY: DATA QUALITY AND SYSTEM ERRORS:
According to Ludon and Ludon that three principle sources of poor system performance are software bugs and errors, hardware or facility failure because on natural or other causes, and poor input data quality. It considers why zero defects in software code of any complexity cannot be the seriousness of remaining bugs cannot be estimated. The software industry has not yet arrived at testing standards for producing software of acceptable, but not perfect performance. (Collins et al 1994).
Ethical issues:
The ethical issues in system quality rise that an individual or an organisation can feel safe quality. The quality of software concludes them that software or service achieves an economically and technologically adequate level of quality.
Social issues:
The social issue rise in system of quality that the software and service are reliable for society, the society is ready to accept to it and it is going to contribute social well being or development.
Political issues:
According to Ludon and Ludon that the leading quality related political issue concern of responsibility and accountability. In such a case, should congress establish or direct the NIST to develop quality standards and impose those standards on industry?
QUALITY OF LIFE: EQUITY, ACCESS, & BOUNDARIES
In some cultures, personal attributes such as individual honesty and integrity may seen to be of secondary importance compared to greater good of the family and society (Donaldson 1996). It is seen to be “just honest” means of aggressive competition in India. Our life is of satisfactory quality depends both on what our life is like- our material circumstances, health and so on. Quality of life cannot be measured in the way that standard of living can be. One can enjoy a high standard of living but still lead a life of poor quality.
Health concerns:
As organisations start to benefit from computerisation, more people will suffer from computer-related problems and hazards.
Repetitive minor disorders which can be caused by working with computer keyboards can cause and other equipment.
Repetitive stress injury can problem in tennis elbow, the inability to hold object and sharp pain in fingers.
Carpal tunnel syndrome is the aggravation of the pathway for nerves that travel through the wrist (the carpal tunnel). CTS involves wrist pain, a feeling of numberless and difficulty in grasping and holding object.
Computer vision syndrome refers to eye pain. It involves usually headache, blurred vision, dry and irritated eyes.
Ethical issues:
The ethical issues may rise in the context of quality of life that an individual is feeling unsecured in his/her job. For example, The most of the call centres from GT. Britain and U.S. are moving to the Asia like India and Philippines. The BBC’s call centre staff did strike in opposition of this policy.
Social issues:
Kenneth J. Gergen proposes in The Washington Quarterly, the quality of life in community is in crisis. He has described the crisis in a wider range of relationships, increasingly mobile populations, and erosion of strong bonds and so on.
Political issues:
The development of global information, most of the developed country’s moving to the third world country because of cheap, skilled and reliable manpower like India. It could bring more people jobless and may raise political issues.
Conclusion:
The issues of moral dimensions which is discussed in this essay conclude that a single, coherent code of international standards and law would help in fostering a strong public recognition of global information systems and greater commitment on the part of professional towards society, employers, clients and colleagues. The fast transferred telecommunication “globally village”, it is distributing to find an obligation, through patriotic, that does not mention human kind as awhile and welfare of others nations. Every country’s obligation is clearly to “my country” not to society in border sense of the world.
According to Ludon and Ludon that three principle sources of poor system performance are software bugs and errors, hardware or facility failure because on natural or other causes, and poor input data quality. It considers why zero defects in software code of any complexity cannot be the seriousness of remaining bugs cannot be estimated. The software industry has not yet arrived at testing standards for producing software of acceptable, but not perfect performance. (Collins et al 1994).
Ethical issues:
The ethical issues in system quality rise that an individual or an organisation can feel safe quality. The quality of software concludes them that software or service achieves an economically and technologically adequate level of quality.
Social issues:
The social issue rise in system of quality that the software and service are reliable for society, the society is ready to accept to it and it is going to contribute social well being or development.
Political issues:
According to Ludon and Ludon that the leading quality related political issue concern of responsibility and accountability. In such a case, should congress establish or direct the NIST to develop quality standards and impose those standards on industry?
QUALITY OF LIFE: EQUITY, ACCESS, & BOUNDARIES
In some cultures, personal attributes such as individual honesty and integrity may seen to be of secondary importance compared to greater good of the family and society (Donaldson 1996). It is seen to be “just honest” means of aggressive competition in India. Our life is of satisfactory quality depends both on what our life is like- our material circumstances, health and so on. Quality of life cannot be measured in the way that standard of living can be. One can enjoy a high standard of living but still lead a life of poor quality.
Health concerns:
As organisations start to benefit from computerisation, more people will suffer from computer-related problems and hazards.
Repetitive minor disorders which can be caused by working with computer keyboards can cause and other equipment.
Repetitive stress injury can problem in tennis elbow, the inability to hold object and sharp pain in fingers.
Carpal tunnel syndrome is the aggravation of the pathway for nerves that travel through the wrist (the carpal tunnel). CTS involves wrist pain, a feeling of numberless and difficulty in grasping and holding object.
Computer vision syndrome refers to eye pain. It involves usually headache, blurred vision, dry and irritated eyes.
Ethical issues:
The ethical issues may rise in the context of quality of life that an individual is feeling unsecured in his/her job. For example, The most of the call centres from GT. Britain and U.S. are moving to the Asia like India and Philippines. The BBC’s call centre staff did strike in opposition of this policy.
Social issues:
Kenneth J. Gergen proposes in The Washington Quarterly, the quality of life in community is in crisis. He has described the crisis in a wider range of relationships, increasingly mobile populations, and erosion of strong bonds and so on.
Political issues:
The development of global information, most of the developed country’s moving to the third world country because of cheap, skilled and reliable manpower like India. It could bring more people jobless and may raise political issues.
Conclusion:
The issues of moral dimensions which is discussed in this essay conclude that a single, coherent code of international standards and law would help in fostering a strong public recognition of global information systems and greater commitment on the part of professional towards society, employers, clients and colleagues. The fast transferred telecommunication “globally village”, it is distributing to find an obligation, through patriotic, that does not mention human kind as awhile and welfare of others nations. Every country’s obligation is clearly to “my country” not to society in border sense of the world.
References
ACS (1999a), Australian Computer Society Code of Ethics. [Online],
http://www.acs.org.au/
Donaldson, Thomas (1996) Values in tension: Ethics away from home.
Harvard Business review, Boston Sept/Oct 1996
Gosh, A.K., Swaminatha, T. M., Software Security and Privacy Risks in Mobile E-commerce, Communications of the ACM, Feb. 2001, Vol. 44, No.2, pp.51-57
Gergen, J. Kenneth (1999), Global trends: A glimpse ahead The self in the age of information, The Washington Quarterly 23.1 (2000) 201-214
www.expressindia.com/newads/intel/views.htm
www.lic.gov.uk/publications/policyreports/keystone.html
www.utm.eud/research/iep/m/m-relati.htm
www.isd77.k12.mn.us/staffdir/staff2/johnson _Doug.html
www.rpi.edu/~johnsd/epic/materials/syllabi.html
Mason, O.Rochard, Collins, P.Carr, Four ethical issues of the information age. Management information System Quarterly (10:1) March 1986
Oz, Effy (1992) Ethical standards for Information systems professionals: A case for a Unified code. MIS Quarterly, December 1992
http://www.acs.org.au/
Donaldson, Thomas (1996) Values in tension: Ethics away from home.
Harvard Business review, Boston Sept/Oct 1996
Gosh, A.K., Swaminatha, T. M., Software Security and Privacy Risks in Mobile E-commerce, Communications of the ACM, Feb. 2001, Vol. 44, No.2, pp.51-57
Gergen, J. Kenneth (1999), Global trends: A glimpse ahead The self in the age of information, The Washington Quarterly 23.1 (2000) 201-214
www.expressindia.com/newads/intel/views.htm
www.lic.gov.uk/publications/policyreports/keystone.html
www.utm.eud/research/iep/m/m-relati.htm
www.isd77.k12.mn.us/staffdir/staff2/johnson _Doug.html
www.rpi.edu/~johnsd/epic/materials/syllabi.html
Mason, O.Rochard, Collins, P.Carr, Four ethical issues of the information age. Management information System Quarterly (10:1) March 1986
Oz, Effy (1992) Ethical standards for Information systems professionals: A case for a Unified code. MIS Quarterly, December 1992
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